anukriti singh 
The mammalian genome is a highly complex and organized structure, containing all the genetic information necessary for the development, functioning, and reproduction of the organism. Mammalian genome is composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and is packaged into chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell. Key Components of the Mammalian Genome DNA Structure of Mammalian genome … Read more
Gout Disease is a type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, and tenderness in joints, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals. It is directly linked to hyperuricemia. Pathophysiology of Gout: High levels of uric acid in the blood lead to the formation of urate crystals. These crystals deposit … Read more
Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide refers to the cellular process by which purine nucleotides primarily adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP) are synthesized from small molecular precursors. Biosynthesis of Purine Nucleotide pathway involves the stepwise construction of the purine ring directly onto a ribose sugar molecule (from PRPP: 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate), utilizing amino acids (like glycine, glutamine, and … Read more
hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin in the bloodstream) and jaundice (the yellow discoloration resulting from that excess), emphasizing the underlying cause and its visible clinical manifestation together. Hyperbilirubinemia Definition: Hyperbilirubinemia is characterized by an elevated concentration of bilirubin in the bloodstream. It arises due to either: Increased Bilirubin Production: Occurs hyperbilirubinemia (excess bilirubin in the bloodstream) and jaundice (the yellow … Read more
Citric Acid Definition Citric acid is a weak organic acid with the chemical formula C₆H₈O₇. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges and is widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning products. It has a sour taste and acts as a natural preservative and flavoring agent. Structure: Chemical Formula: C₆H₈O₇ Molecular … Read more
The pancreas is a vital organ that lies in the abdomen, behind the stomach and in close proximity to the duodenum. It plays a crucial role in both the digestive system and the endocrine system, making it unique in its functions and importance to overall health. Structure of Pancreas Location and Appearance: Elongated organ located … Read more
Endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs in the body responsible for producing, storing, and secreting hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate a wide range of physiological processes, such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. The endocrine system plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the body and works … Read more
Nephron anatomy are the microscopic structural and functional units of the kidney, crucial for the process of filtering blood, removing waste, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons. A nephron is composed of two main parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. Renal Corpuscle The renal corpuscle is … Read more
The Anatomy of urinary tract is the system through which urine is produced, transported, stored, and eliminated from the body. Here’s a description of each part: Upper urinary tract: Kidneys Function: Filter blood and produce urine. Structure: A pair of bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, below the ribcage. Nephrons: Each kidney … Read more
Salivary glands are exocrine glands in the human body that produce and secrete saliva, a vital fluid that aids in digestion and oral health. Anatomy It is exocrine glands that produce and secrete saliva. There are three pairs of major glands and numerous minor glands in the oral cavity. Parotid glands: The largest glands, located … Read more
