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Energy-rich compounds are essential for cellular metabolism, acting as molecular energy stores and carriers. These compounds release significant energy upon breaking high-energy bonds, driving various biological processes. Key Energy-Rich Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Function: Primary cellular energy currency, providing energy for muscle contraction, active transport, and … Read more

Redox potential (Eh) is a measure of a chemical species’ tendency to gain (reduction) or lose (oxidation) electrons, crucial in biochemical energy transfer and electron transport processes. Basics of Redox Potential Definition: Indicates a molecule’s ability to accept (oxidizing agent) or donate (reducing agent) electrons. Expression: Measured in volts (V) or millivolts (mV) relative to … Read more

The relationship between free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S) is fundamental in biochemistry, determining the spontaneity and direction of chemical reactions in biological systems. These relationship between free energy (G), enthalpy (H), and entropy (S)thermodynamic parameters are interconnected through the Gibbs free energy equation, which predicts reaction feasibility. Gibbs Free Energy Equation The relationship … Read more

Exergonic and endergonic reactions are two types of chemical processes classified by their energy changes. An exergonic reaction releases free energy to the surroundings, resulting in a negative ΔG (ΔG < 0). An endergonic reaction requires an input of free energy from the surroundings, resulting in a positive ΔG (ΔG > 0). 1. Exergonic Reactions … Read more

In bioenergetics, free energy refers to the portion of a system’s energy that is available to do work. The specific form of energy used to understand biological reactions is called Gibbs Energy (G). It helps predict whether a chemical reaction will occur spontaneously under constant temperature and pressure. Gibbs Energy (G) is defined by the … Read more

Bioenergetics Introduction Bioenergetics Introduction: It is a critical subfield of biochemistry that focuses on understanding how living organisms acquire, transform, and use energy to sustain life. This complex process involves various biochemical reactions and pathways that convert energy from one form to another, enabling cells to perform essential functions such as growth, repair, movement, and … Read more