B Pharmacy

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) on Drugs Acting

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) on Drugs Acting

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) Definition  The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) are drugs that mimic or enhance the effects. They promote “rest and digest” functions by stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, leading to effects such as reduced heart rate, increased glandular secretions, and enhanced digestive activity. Cholinergic Agonists (Parasympathomimetics) Mimic acetylcholine, stimulating the PNS. Effects: ↓ … Read more

Neurons and Synapses

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Neurons and Synapses

Neurons and Synapses Definition  neurons and synapses, representing the fundamental unit of neural communication where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. It emphasizes the inseparable relationship between the nerve cell (neuron) and its connection point (synapse) in processing and transmitting information within the nervous system. Neurons Neurons are the fundamental … Read more

Pelletization Process

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Pelletization Process

Pelletization is the process of converting fine powders or granules into small, free-flowing, spherical units. Pelletization Process can be achieved through various techniques: Common Pelletization Techniques: Extrusion-Spheronization: The most widely used method for producing pellets. Steps: Mixing and Wet Massing: The drug and excipients are blended, and a binder solution is added to form a … Read more

Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets

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Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets

Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets involves specialized machinery for producing uniform drug-loaded spheres. It includes mixers, extruders, and spheronizers essential for granulation, shaping, and rounding processes. Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets ensures efficiency, quality, and scalability in pharmaceutical pellet production, meeting dosage uniformity and controlled-release requirements. The choice of equipment depends on the … Read more

Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules

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Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules

Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules include delivering poorly water-soluble drugs, enhancing bioavailability, and masking unpleasant tastes and odors. Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules extend to vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and herbal supplements for improved stability and absorption. It has versatile applications in various fields: Pharmaceutical Applications: Oral Drugs: For liquid or poorly water-soluble drugs. Modified … Read more

In-Process Quality Tests and Final Product Quality Control Tests

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In-Process and Final Product Quality Control Tests

In-Process Quality test and Final Product Quality Control Tests ensure product consistency during manufacturing by monitoring critical parameters like weight, hardness, and moisture. In-Process Quality test and Final Product Quality Control Tests also verify finished product quality before release. In-Process Tests: Weight Variation: Measures the consistency of capsule fill weight. Ensures uniform dosing of the … Read more

Production of Soft Gelatin Capsules

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Production of Soft Gelatin Capsules

Production of Soft Gelatin Capsules ensures precise dosing, improved bioavailability, and enhanced stability of sensitive formulations. It ensures precise dosing, improved bioavailability, and enhanced stability of sensitive formulations. The production of soft gelatin capsules involves the following steps: Formulation of Fill Material: Drugs are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle (e.g., oils, polyethylene glycol, … Read more

Importance of Base Adsorption and Minim/Gram Factors

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Importance of Base Adsorption and Minim/Gram Factors

Importance of Base Adsorption and Minim/Gram Factors lies in selecting suitable suppository bases that can absorb the drug without altering its efficacy, ensuring uniformity and stability. Importance of Base Adsorption and Minim/Gram Factors is crucial for calculating the correct base quantity needed per dose, helping maintain accurate drug delivery and therapeutic effect Base Adsorption: Base … Read more

Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

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Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to legal rights granted to creators and inventors to protect their intellectual work from unauthorized use. It promotes innovation by rewarding creators with exclusive rights over their inventions or works. Types of Intellectual Property Rights: Patents – Protect inventions (processes or products) for 20 … Read more