Methods to Determine End Point in Potentiometric Titrations, the end point is identified by monitoring changes in the electrode potential as the titrant is added to the analyte solution. Several methods can be used to accurately determine the end point: 1. Graphical Methods to Determine End Point in Potentiometric Titrations The electrode potential is plotted … Read more
An Electrochemical cell is a device that either generates electrical energy from chemical reactions or uses electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. It consists of two electrodes (anode and cathode) in contact with an electrolyte, a medium containing ions that conduct electricity. The electrodes, typically made of conductive materials like metals or carbon, may also … Read more
Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique that measures the potential difference (voltage) between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell with no or negligible current flow. The potential difference is related to the concentration of ions or molecules in a solution and can be determined using the Nernst equation or other relevant relationships. Potentiometry is widely used … Read more
Introduction to Conductometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis is a significant analytical technique used in various fields, including pharmaceutical analysis, to measure the electrical conductivity of a solution. This measurement is indicative of the presence and concentration of ions in the solution, which is essential for understanding many aspects of a solution’s composition and properties. Here’s an … Read more
Conductometric Titrations involve the gradual addition of a titrant (a solution of known concentration) to an analyte (a solution of unknown concentration) while continuously monitoring the conductivity of the mixture. The titration curve, which plots conductivity as a function of titrant volume, shows characteristic changes that reflect the reaction between the analyte and the titrant. … Read more
Conductivity Cell, also known as a conductance cell, is the fundamental component of a conductometric measuring system. It consists of two electrodes immersed in the solution to be analyzed, and these electrodes are typically made of inert, conductive materials such as platinum, gold, or graphite. Key aspects of the conductivity cells include: Electrodes of Conductivity … Read more
Concept of Reduction is a process in which a chemical species gains one or more electrons, leading to a decrease in its oxidation state. In other words, the species becomes less positively charged or more negatively charged. Reduction is often associated with the addition of hydrogen to a substance or the removal of oxygen from it, … Read more
Concept of Oxidation is a process in which a chemical species loses one or more electrons, leading to an increase in its oxidation state. In simpler terms, the species becomes more positively charged. Oxidation is often associated with the addition of oxygen to a substance or the removal of hydrogen from it. However, the key factor … Read more
In this Introduction to Redox Titrations, a form of volumetric analysis, are widely used in pharmaceutical analysis to determine the concentration of substances via oxidation-reduction reactions. These titrations play a key role in ensuring the quality, safety, and potency of drug substances and products. Principles of Redox Titration Redox Reaction: Redox titration is based on … Read more
The purity of the precipitate is essential in gravimetric analysis, as impurities can significantly affect the accuracy of results. Two common sources of impurities are co-precipitation and post-precipitation: 1. Co-precipitation: Co-precipitation occurs when impurities or other ions in the solution precipitate along with the target analyte during the precipitation process. This can happen due to: Surface … Read more
