Cathartics

Introduction to Cathartics:

• Cathartics, also known as laxatives, are substances that promote bowel movements and relieve constipation.
• They are used in treating various gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and for bowel preparation before diagnostic procedures or surgeries.

Types of Cathartics:

1) Bulk-Forming Laxatives:

• • Mechanism: Increase the bulk and water content of the stool, making it easier to pass.
  • Examples: Psyllium husk, methylcellulose, calcium polycarbophil.
  • Uses: Treat constipation, especially in individuals with low-fiber diets or those who need to avoid straining during bowel movements.

2) Stool Softeners:

• • Mechanism: Soften the stool by increasing its water content, facilitating easier passage.
  • Examples: Docusate sodium, docusate calcium.
  • Uses: Suitable for individuals recovering from surgery, childbirth, or those with hemorrhoids or anal fissures.

3) Lubricant Laxatives:

• • Mechanism: Coat the stool and intestinal lining, reducing friction and allowing for easier passage.
  • Examples: Mineral oil, liquid paraffin.
  • Uses: Provide short-term relief of constipation, particularly for those with difficulty passing hard stools.

4) Osmotic Laxatives:

• • Mechanism: Draw water into the intestines, softening the stool and increasing intestinal motility.
  • Examples: Magnesium hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, lactulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • Uses: Treat constipation, prepare the bowel for diagnostic procedures or surgeries, and manage hepatic encephalopathy (lactulose).

5) Stimulant Laxatives:

• • Mechanism: Stimulate the intestinal muscles to contract, promoting bowel movements.
  • Examples: Senna, bisacodyl, castor oil.
  • Uses: Provide short-term relief of constipation, bowel preparation for procedures, and occasional use for constipation not responding to other treatments.

6) Prokinetic Agents:

• • Mechanism: Increase gastrointestinal tract motility by acting on smooth muscles or nerves.
  • Examples: Metoclopramide, tegaserod.
  • Uses: Treat constipation associated with certain medical conditions (e.g., Parkinson’s disease), gastroparesis, and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C).

This categorization helps in understanding the different mechanisms and appropriate uses of cathartics for various conditions.

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