Cocaine

Cocaine is a natural ester local anesthetic that blocks nerve conduction and is also known for its stimulant and addictive properties.

Structure of Cocaine

• It is a naturally occurring local anesthetic derived from the coca plant, featuring a tropane ring system with a benzoyl and methyl ester substituent.
• Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₃NO₄

Mode of Action

• Sodium Channel Blockade: Inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels, preventing nerve impulse conduction.
• Vasoconstriction: Causes local vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors.
• Sympathomimetic Effects: Increases heart rate and blood pressure due to central nervous system stimulation.

Uses

• Local Anesthesia: Used in nasal surgery, ear surgery, and ophthalmic procedures.
• Topical Preparations: Employed in topical creams and sprays for numbing mucous membranes.
• Addiction Treatment: Limited use in treating cocaine dependence under medical supervision.

Side Effects of Cocaine

• Cardiovascular Toxicity: Arrhythmias, hypertension, and tachycardia.
• Central Nervous System Stimulation: Anxiety, seizures, and agitation.
• Local Tissue Irritation: Can cause mucosal damage and necrosis with prolonged use.

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