Damaging reactions of free radicals on Carbohydrates

Oxidation and Fragmentation:

1. Oxidation:

• Reactive oxygen species can oxidize carbohydrates, leading to the fragmentation of sugar molecules.

2. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs):

• ROS can accelerate the formation of AGEs through non-enzymatic reactions between proteins and reducing sugars.

• This process is exacerbated by high blood sugar levels.

Consequences:

• Impaired cellular function and signaling.

• Increased stiffness and cross-linking of the extracellular matrix, contributing to vascular and tissue damage in diabetes and aging.