Deviations from Beer-Lambert Law

• Situations where Beer-Lambert Law may not hold include:

Chemical Deviations:

• Association/Dissociation: At high concentrations, molecules may associate or dissociate, altering the absorbing species.

• Reactions with Solvent: Chemical interactions between solute and solvent can change the nature of the absorber.

Instrumental Deviations:

• Stray Light: Light outside the selected bandwidth can cause overestimated absorbance.

• Polychromatic Radiation: Non-monochromatic light may lead to errors, especially for samples with sharp absorption peaks.

Physical Deviations from Beer-Lambert Law:

• High Concentrations: Changes in refractive index can affect absorption at very high solute concentrations.

• Temperature/Solvent Effects: Variations in solvent or temperature can alter peak shape and position.

• Light Scattering: Particles or droplets scatter light, distorting absorbance readings.