Liquorice (Triterpenoids)

General Introduction to Liquorice (Triterpenoids):

• Liquorice is a medicinal plant that is rich in triterpenoid saponins, particularly glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for its characteristic sweet taste and therapeutic properties.

• It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and hepatoprotective effects.

Synonyms of Liquorice (Triterpenoids)

• Common name: Licorice, Sweet root
• Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza glabra
• Synonyms: Mulethi (Hindi)

Biological Source:

• Obtained from the dried roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Family:

• Fabaceae

Composition:

• Triterpenoid saponins:
  • Glycyrrhizin (or glycyrrhizic acid): The main bioactive compound.
  • Glycyrrhetic acid: Aglycone form of glycyrrhizin.
• Flavonoids: Liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin.
• Polysaccharides: Starch and gums.

Chemistry & Chemical Classes:

• Chemical Class: Triterpenoid saponins.
• Structure:
  • Glycyrrhizin is a glycoside of glycyrrhetic acid, with two glucuronic acid residues.
  • It is amphipathic, enabling its surfactant-like properties.
• Solubility: Water-soluble due to glycosidic linkages.

Therapeutic Uses:

• Anti-inflammatory: Glycyrrhizin inhibits enzymes involved in inflammation (e.g., COX and LOX pathways).
• Hepatoprotective: Used in liver disorders such as hepatitis.
• Expectorant: Helps in respiratory conditions like bronchitis and cough by loosening mucus.
• Gastroprotective: Treats peptic ulcers by promoting mucus secretion and reducing acidity.
• Anti-viral: Shows activity against viruses like hepatitis C and herpes.

Commercial Applications of Liquorice (Triterpenoids):

• Used in herbal cough syrups and lozenges for its soothing effect on the throat.
• Flavored teas and confectionery products due to its natural sweetness.
• Extracts of glycyrrhizin are used in skin-lightening and anti-inflammatory cosmetic formulations.

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