- Concentration with formula refers to the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
- There are several methods to express concentration, each with a specific formula.
1. Mass Percentage (w/w):
- Mass percentage is the mass of solute in a given mass of solution, expressed as a percentage.
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Formula:
- $\text{Mass %} = \left( \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{mass of solution}} \right) \times 100$
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2. Volume Percentage (v/v):
- Volume percentage is the volume of solute in a given volume of solution, expressed as a percentage.
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Formula:
- $\text{Volume %} = \left( \frac{\text{volume of solute}}{\text{volume of solution}} \right) \times 100$
3. Mass/Volume Percentage (w/v):
- Mass/volume percentage is the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, expressed as a percentage.
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Formula:
- $\text{Volume %} = \left( \frac{\text{mass of solute}}{\text{volume of solution}} \right) \times 100$
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4. Molarity (M):
- Molarity is the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution.
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Formula:
- $M = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$
5. Molality (m):
- Molality is the number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent.
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Formula:
- $m = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{kilograms of solvent}}$
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6. Mole Fraction (χ):
- Mole fraction is the ratio of the moles of one component to the total number of moles in the mixture.
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Formula:
- $\chi_A = \frac{\text{moles of A}}{\text{moles of A} + \text{moles of B}}$
7. Normality (N):
- Normality is the number of gram-equivalents of solute in one liter of solution.
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Formula:
- $N = \frac{\text{gram-equivalents of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$
These formulas provide a way to quantitatively express the concentration of a solution, depending on the specific requirements of the analysis.
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