Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes Introduction

• Type 1 Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
• It occurs due to defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
• Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps glucose enter cells to be used for energy.
• Previously known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.
• An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
• Leads to a complete lack of insulin production.

Causes of Type 1 Diabetes

1. Genetic Factors

   • Certain genes increase the risk of developing this type of diabetes.

2. Environmental Factors

   • Viral infections or other environmental triggers may initiate the autoimmune response.

Symptoms

• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Extreme hunger (polyphagia)
• Unintended weight loss
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
• Irritability and mood changes
• Ketoacidosis: A serious condition with symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and confusion.

Pathophysiology:

1. Autoimmune Destruction

   • The immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

2. Insulin Deficiency

   • Without insulin, glucose cannot enter cells for energy, leading to high blood glucose levels.

Diagnosis

1. Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Elevated blood glucose levels after fasting.
2. A1C Test: Measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
3. Random Blood Glucose Test: Elevated glucose levels at any time.
4. Autoantibody Tests: Presence of specific autoantibodies associated with this type of diabetes.

Treatment

1. Insulin Therapy: Lifelong insulin injections or an insulin pump.
2. Blood Glucose Monitoring: Regular monitoring to manage blood glucose levels.
3. Healthy Eating: Balanced diet with attention to carbohydrate intake.
4. Regular Physical Activity: Helps control blood glucose levels and overall health.
5. Education and Support: Diabetes education programs for self-management skills.

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