Types of Microbial Contaminants

Types of microbial contaminants include a diverse range of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.

Bacteria in Types of Microbial Contaminants:

• Gram-Positive Bacteria

  • Examples: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis.
  • Characteristics: Resistant to drying; some form spores.

• Gram-Negative Bacteria

  • Examples: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli.
  • Characteristics: Often found in water; can be resistant to preservatives.

Fungi:

• Molds

  • Examples: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium
  • Characteristics: Produce spores; can grow in low aw environments.

• Yeasts

  • Examples: Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Characteristics: Can grow in acidic environments; cause fermentation.

Spores:

• Definition: Dormant, resistant forms of bacteria and fungi.
• Impact: Resistant to heat and chemical disinfectants.
• Control: Requires stringent sterilization methods like autoclaving.

Viruses and Mycoplasmas:

• Less Common: Generally, not a major concern in pharmaceutical spoilage but important in biological products.

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