1. Production of Recombinant Proteins
- Insulin → Used to treat diabetes (produced using E. coli).
- Human Growth Hormone (hGH) → Treats growth disorders.
- Erythropoietin (EPO) → Stimulates red blood cell production, used in anemia treatment.
2. Gene Therapy
- Used to treat genetic disorders by introducing functional genes.
- Example: SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease) is treated by inserting a functional ADA (adenosine deaminase) gene.
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3. Production of Vaccines
- Hepatitis B Vaccine → Made using recombinant yeast.
- mRNA Vaccines (e.g., COVID-19 vaccines) → Use genetic engineering to produce spike proteins.
4. Genetic Diagnosis
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) → Amplifies DNA for detecting genetic diseases.
- DNA Fingerprinting → Used in forensic investigations and paternity tests.
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5. Monoclonal Antibodies
- Engineered antibodies used to treat cancers (e.g., Rituximab for lymphoma).
6. Organ Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
- Genetically modified pigs are being developed for human organ transplants.
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