M Pharm

1. Production of Recombinant Proteins Insulin → Used to treat diabetes (produced using E. coli). Human Growth Hormone (hGH) → Treats growth disorders. Erythropoietin (EPO)

Recombinant DNA technology, also known as genetic engineering or gene cloning, is a set of techniques used to manipulate and modify DNA from different sources

DNA ligase is an enzyme essential for DNA replication and repair. It catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing breaks in the

Definition of Restriction Endonucleases  Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, acting as molecular scissors. These enzymes are naturally found in bacteria,

Definition A cloning vector is a small, self-replicating DNA molecule that is used to transfer foreign genetic material into a host cell. It acts as

What is Genetic Engineering? Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism’s genetic material using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to introduce desirable traits or produce valuable biological