Geometrical Isomerism U-2 Notes

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Geometrical Isomerism

  • Stereoisomerism
  • Optical Isomerism
  • Enantiomers
  • Diastereomerism
  • Meso Compounds
  • Elements of Symmetry
  • Chiral and Achiral Molecules
  • Presentation of Molecules
  • D-L System of Nomenclature (Fischer Nomenclature)
  • Sequence Rules (Cahn–Ingold–Prelog Rules)
  • R-S System of Nomenclature (Absolute Configuration)
  • Distribution Law
  • Reactions of Chiral Molecules
  • Racemic Modification (Racemization)
  • Resolution of Racemic Mixture
  • Asymmetric Synthesis (Chiral Synthesis)

Other Units of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III

Unit 1
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Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry III

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Summary of Unit II: Conformational and Geometrical Isomerism

Unit II explores various forms of stereoisomerism, focusing on geometrical and conformational isomerism. It begins with geometrical isomerism, emphasizing the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups around double bonds or ring systems, which leads to cis-trans and E/Z isomerism. The unit explains different nomenclature systems used to identify geometrical isomers, including Cis-Trans, E/Z, and Syn-Anti classifications.

The methods of determining the configuration of geometrical isomers are also discussed, highlighting both experimental and theoretical approaches used in stereochemical analysis. The unit further covers conformational isomerism, particularly in simple alkanes like ethane and n-butane, and cyclic compounds like cyclohexane, discussing their different energy states and spatial conformations such as chair and boat forms.

Another key topic is atropisomerism, a type of stereoisomerism seen in biphenyl compounds due to restricted rotation. The unit details the conditions required for optical activity in such compounds, offering insight into how molecular rigidity and bulk influence stereochemistry.

Lastly, the concepts of stereospecific and stereoselective reactions are introduced, which are essential in understanding how stereochemistry affects chemical reactions and product formation. These principles are especially important in drug synthesis, where the correct stereochemistry can significantly influence biological activity and efficacy.

This unit provides essential knowledge for understanding the three-dimensional nature of molecules and their impact on chemical and biological behavior.

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