Shruti Singh 
Reactions of Benzene: Benzene (C₆H₆) is a highly stable aromatic hydrocarbon due to its conjugated π-electron system. This stability makes benzene a prime candidate for electrophilic substitution reactions, where an electrophile replaces one of the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring. Here are the key electrophilic substitution reactions of benzene: nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation, … Read more
Orbital Picture of Benzene (C₆H₆): It is a planar, cyclic molecule with six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring. Each carbon atom in benzene is sp² hybridized, meaning each carbon atom forms three sigma (σ) bonds: two with adjacent carbon atoms and one with a hydrogen atom. This leaves one unhybridized p orbital on … Read more
Benzene (C₆H₆) and its derivatives are simple aromatic hydrocarbons, characterized by a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds. The molecule is planar, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbons and a hydrogen atom. Due to the presence of resonance structures, the electrons in the π-bonds are delocalized, which results in the … Read more
A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries caused by the surge of blood with each heartbeat. It is an important indicator of cardiovascular health and heart function. How the Pulse Works: During systole (heart contraction), blood is pumped into the arteries, increasing pressure within them. This pressure wave travels through the arterial … Read more
Regulation of blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is crucial to maintain optimal blood pressure for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The regulation of blood pressure involves several mechanisms: 1. Baroreceptors (Regulation of Blood Pressure) Location: Aortic arch and carotid … Read more
The cardiac cycle is a series of events that occur in the heart during one complete heartbeat. It consists of two main phases: diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction). During the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles contract and relax in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. The duration of a single cardiac … Read more
Blood vessels form a vital network in the circulatory system, transporting blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products. There are three main types: arteries, veins, and capillaries. 1. Arteries of Blood Vessels Function: Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery) and withstand high pressure … Read more
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is a complex network consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintain body temperature, and help fight infections. The cardiovascular system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and overall … Read more
The tongue is a muscular organ primarily responsible for the sense of taste (gustation), as well as being crucial for speech, chewing, and swallowing. It is composed of several structures that work together to detect and process tastes and perform its other functions. Structure of the Tongue It is a muscular organ in the mouth … Read more
The nose is a sensory organ primarily responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction) and plays a significant role in respiration. It is composed of several structures that work together to detect and process odours and filter, warm, and humidify the air we breathe. Structure of the Nose The nose is a critical organ for … Read more
