Vanshika Gupta 
Sterilization is a crucial process in microbiology, medicine, and various industries to ensure the elimination of all forms of microbial life, including spores. Physical methods of sterilization, particularly dry heat and moist heat, are widely used. Dry Heat Sterilization Principle: Dry heat sterilization utilizes hot air devoid of moisture, making it less efficient at heat … Read more
Dark field microscopy enhances the contrast of transparent and unstained specimens by illuminating them with light that does not enter the objective lens unless it is scattered by the specimen. This creates a bright image of the specimen against a dark background, making normally invisible structures visible. Procedure for Dark Field Microscopy Preparation of the … Read more
Principle of Flash Distillation: Flash distillation involves a single-stage separation process where the liquid mixture is partially vaporized by rapidly reducing the pressure or increasing the temperature. Methodology of Flash Distillation: Feed Introduction: The liquid mixture is introduced into a flash chamber. Pressure Reduction/Heating: The pressure is rapidly reduced, or the mixture is quickly heated, … Read more
Evaporation vs. Boiling: Evaporation: Occurs at any temperature below the boiling point, typically at the liquid’s surface. Boiling: Occurs at a specific boiling point throughout the liquid, with bubbles forming within the liquid. Evaporation vs. Distillation: Evaporation: Primarily focuses on removing a solvent, usually without condensing the vapor. Distillation: Involves vaporizing a liquid and then … Read more
Heat Interchangers and Heat Exchangers are terms often used interchangeably, but they typically refer to the same concept: devices that transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat Interchangers Terminology The term “heat interchanger” is less common. It typically refers to a device specifically designed for exchanging heat between process streams within an industrial setup, … Read more
Heat Transfer Mechanisms Methods Conduction in Heat Transfer Mechanisms Definition: Transfer of heat through a material without any movement of the material itself. Mechanism: Occurs due to the transfer of kinetic energy between molecules or atoms. Examples: Heat flowing through a metal rod when one end is heated. Factors: Thermal conductivity of the material, cross-sectional … Read more
Size Separation Size separation, also known as sieving, sifting, or screening, is the process of separating particles into different size fractions. This is crucial in many industrial processes to ensure product quality and consistency. Here is a detailed look into the objectives, applications, mechanisms, official standards of powders, sieves, and size separation methods. Objectives of … Read more
Energy losses during the flow of fluid through a system occur due to various factors. Here are the main types of losses: Frictional Loss: Occurs due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe walls. Depends on the flow velocity, pipe diameter, fluid viscosity, and pipe roughness. Calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation: $h_f = … Read more
