Vanshika Gupta 
Structure of Triphenylmethane: Triphenylmethane has a central carbon atom bonded to three phenyl groups. Its molecular formula is C19H16. Synthesis of Triphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride to form triphenylmethane. 3C6H6 + CHCl3 → AlCl3 (reagents) → C(C6H5)3 + 3HCl3 Grignard Reaction: Reaction: Benzophenone reacts with phenylmagnesium … Read more
Structure of Diphenylmethane: Diphenylmethane consists of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. The molecular formula is C13H12. Synthesis of Diphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with benzyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride to form diphenylmethane. C6H6 + C6H5CH2Cl → AlCl3 (reagents) → C6H5CH2C6H5 + HCl Reactions: … Read more
Structure of Anthracene: Anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear structure. The molecular formula is C14H10, and it is isomeric with phenanthrene. Synthesis of Anthracene: From Coal Tar: Anthracene is also isolated from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Elbs Reaction): Cyclodehydration: Ortho-benzoyltoluene is … Read more
Structure: Naphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. The molecular formula is . The structure is planar, and it has alternating double and single bonds, which are characteristic of aromatic compounds. Synthesis: From Coal Tar: Naphthalene is primarily obtained from coal tar, which is distilled to separate it from other … Read more
Structure of Phenanthrene: Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear arrangement. Its molecular formula is C14H10. Synthesis of Phenanthrene: From Coal Tar: Phenanthrene is extracted from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Bardhan-Sengupta Synthesis): Condensation: Benzene is condensed with phthalic anhydride in the … Read more
Sterilization is a crucial process in microbiology, medicine, and various industries to ensure the elimination of all forms of microbial life, including spores. Physical methods of sterilization, particularly dry heat and moist heat, are widely used. Dry Heat Sterilization Principle: Dry heat sterilization utilizes hot air devoid of moisture, making it less efficient at heat … Read more
Dark field microscopy enhances the contrast of transparent and unstained specimens by illuminating them with light that does not enter the objective lens unless it is scattered by the specimen. This creates a bright image of the specimen against a dark background, making normally invisible structures visible. Procedure for Dark Field Microscopy Preparation of the … Read more
Principle of Flash Distillation: Flash distillation involves a single-stage separation process where the liquid mixture is partially vaporized by rapidly reducing the pressure or increasing the temperature. Methodology of Flash Distillation: Feed Introduction: The liquid mixture is introduced into a flash chamber. Pressure Reduction/Heating: The pressure is rapidly reduced, or the mixture is quickly heated, … Read more
Evaporation vs. Boiling: Evaporation: Occurs at any temperature below the boiling point, typically at the liquid’s surface. Boiling: Occurs at a specific boiling point throughout the liquid, with bubbles forming within the liquid. Evaporation vs. Distillation: Evaporation: Primarily focuses on removing a solvent, usually without condensing the vapor. Distillation: Involves vaporizing a liquid and then … Read more
Heat Interchangers and Heat Exchangers are terms often used interchangeably, but they typically refer to the same concept: devices that transfer heat between two or more fluids. Heat Interchangers Terminology The term “heat interchanger” is less common. It typically refers to a device specifically designed for exchanging heat between process streams within an industrial setup, … Read more
