Unit 3 – Monophasic & Biphasic Liquids

Pharmaceutical Analysis I – B Pharma 1st Semester (AKTU & PCI Syllabus)

At FirstHope, we offer precise, exam-oriented notes aligned with the PCI-approved B Pharma syllabus. Unit I of Pharmaceutical Analysis introduces key concepts like concentration methods, standard solutions, and analytical errors. Therefore, a strong grasp of this unit is vital for semester success and exams like GPAT and NIPER.

Monophasic Liquids

Single-phase liquid dosage forms used internally or externally.

Examples:

• Gargles, Mouthwashes – Treat mouth/throat infections.
• Throat Paints – Applied directly to throat.
• Ear/Nasal Drops – Sterile solutions for local use.
• Enemas – Rectal administration for treatment or diagnosis.
• Syrups – Sweetened, medicated aqueous solutions.
• Elixirs – Clear hydroalcoholic solutions.
• Liniments, Lotions – Topical for pain relief or soothing.

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Biphasic Liquids

Contain two immiscible phases, requiring emulsifiers or suspending agents.

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Suspensions

Dispersions of solid particles in a liquid medium.

Details:

• Advantages – Masks taste, good for insoluble drugs.
• Disadvantages – Sedimentation, caking.
• Types – Flocculated, Deflocculated.
• Preparation – Use of wetting agents, dispersion techniques.
• Stability – Improved with flocculants, viscosity enhancers.

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Emulsions

Dispersions of one liquid in another immiscible liquid.

Details:

• Types – Oil-in-water (o/w), Water-in-oil (w/o).
• Emulsifiers – Natural or synthetic agents.
• Tests – Dilution, dye solubility, conductivity.
• Preparation – Dry/wet gum, bottle, or in-situ methods.
• Stability Issues – Cracking, creaming; resolved with proper agents.