Carbonyl Compounds

Unit IV focuses on the chemistry of carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones, which are vital in organic synthesis and biological systems. The unit begins by exploring the nucleophilic addition reactions that define the reactivity of carbonyl groups. It also discusses the electromeric effect, which influences how electron density shifts during chemical reactions.

Furthermore, several important condensation reactions are covered in detail. These include aldol condensation and crossed aldol condensation, which form carbon–carbon bonds and are essential in forming complex molecules. In addition, the unit explains the Cannizzaro reaction and its crossed variant, which involve the base-induced disproportionation of non-enolizable aldehydes.

Other significant reactions include the Benzoin condensation, which links two aromatic aldehydes, and the Perkin condensation, useful for synthesizing α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids. These reactions illustrate the versatility of carbonyl chemistry in synthetic applications.

Moreover, the unit includes qualitative tests for identifying aldehydes and ketones, such as Tollen’s and Fehling’s tests. Finally, it highlights the structures and practical uses of important carbonyl compounds like formaldehyde, paraldehyde, acetone, chloral hydrate, hexamine, benzaldehyde, vanillin, and cinnamaldehyde, which are commonly found in pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and industrial products.

At FirstHope, we provide BPharm semester 1 notes that are topic-wise, easy to understand, and designed strictly as per the AKTU and Other Universities, hence designed according to PCI syllabus.

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