The structure of benzene has been the subject of extensive research and analysis, with significant evidence contributing to the derivation of its structure, since its discovery in 1825 by Michael Faraday. Various analytical, synthetic, and other experimental evidence have contributed to the derivation of its structure. Analytical Evidence in the Derivation of the Structure of … Read more
Benzene (C₆H₆) and its derivatives are simple aromatic hydrocarbons, characterized by a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds. The molecule is planar, with each carbon atom bonded to two other carbons and a hydrogen atom. Due to the presence of resonance structures, the electrons in the π-bonds are delocalized, which results in the … Read more
Principle of Pitot Tube: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem. Measures the difference between the stagnation pressure and static pressure to determine fluid velocity. Formula: $v = \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho}} $ Where: v = flow velocity ΔP = difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure ρ = fluid density Construction of Pitot Tube: Pitot Tube: L-shaped tube with … Read more
Principle of Venturimeter: Based on Bernoulli’s theorem. The fluid’s velocity increases, and pressure decreases as it passes through the throat of the Venturimeter. Formula: $Q = C_d A_1 \sqrt{\frac{2\Delta P}{\rho \left(1 – \left(\frac{A_2}{A_1}\right)^2 \right)}}$ Where: Q = flow rate Cd = discharge coefficient A1 = cross-sectional area of the pipe before the converging section A2 … Read more
Energy losses during the flow of fluid through a system occur due to various factors. Here are the main types of losses: Frictional Loss: Occurs due to the friction between the fluid and the pipe walls. Depends on the flow velocity, pipe diameter, fluid viscosity, and pipe roughness. Calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation: $h_f = … Read more
There are many disorders of heart, which can be broadly categorized into structural, electrical, and circulatory issues. Some common disorders of heart Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Cause: Narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to plaque build-up (atherosclerosis). Symptoms: Chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, increased risk of heart attack. Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) … Read more
Stomach is a key organ in the digestive system, acting as a reservoir for food, initiating the digestive process through mechanical mixing and chemical breakdown, and regulating the passage of its contents into the small intestine. Understanding the detailed anatomy of the stomach reveals how it is uniquely designed to perform these functions. Location and … Read more
The oral cavity, or mouth, marks the entry point of the digestive system, equipped with specialized structures for the initial processing of food. Here, food encounters teeth and salivary glands, which work in concert to reduce food to a consistency suitable for digestion and absorption further down the GI tract. Teeth: The Tools for Mechanical … Read more
The Anatomy of GI Tract, also known as the digestive tract, is a continuous tube that runs from the mouth to the anus. It is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. Here’s a brief overview of the four primary layers of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) The innermost layer responsible for secretion, … Read more
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a non-invasive diagnostic test that records the electrical activity of the heart over time. It is commonly used to detect and analyze heart-related problems, including abnormal rhythms, inadequate blood flow, and structural issues. How an ECG Works: The ECG measures the electrical changes on the skin produced by the … Read more