A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries caused by the surge of blood with each heartbeat. It is an important indicator of cardiovascular health and heart function. How the Pulse Works: During systole (heart contraction), blood is pumped into the arteries, increasing pressure within them. This pressure wave travels through the arterial … Read more
Regulation of blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. It is crucial to maintain optimal blood pressure for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs. The regulation of blood pressure involves several mechanisms: 1. Baroreceptors (Regulation of Blood Pressure) Location: Aortic arch and carotid … Read more
The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that processes food, breaks it down into nutrients, and eliminates waste. Here are the realistic diagrams of the human digestive system, designed to showcase the entire pathway and major organs involved in digestion. It plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and wellbeing. … Read more
The cardiac cycle is a series of events that occur in the heart during one complete heartbeat. It consists of two main phases: diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction). During the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles contract and relax in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. The duration of a single cardiac … Read more
Cardiac output (CO) is a measure of the volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute. It is a crucial indicator of the efficiency of the heart and the circulatory system in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues. Factors Determining Cardiac Output CO is determined by two primary factors: Heart Rate … Read more
Heartbeat Regulation by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)) plays a crucial role in regulating the heartbeat and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The ANS consists of two primary branches: the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), both of which have opposing effects on heart function. Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Role: Responsible for the … Read more
The spinal cord is a long, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain (medulla oblongata) down to the lower back, protected by the vertebral column and encased in meninges. It is a crucial part of the central nervous system (CNS) and serves as a conduit for transmitting neural signals between the brain … Read more
Diencephalon is a region of the brain located between the cerebrum and the brainstem. It is composed of several important structures that play critical roles in sensory information processing, hormone regulation, and the maintenance of essential body functions. The primary components of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus: 1. Thalamus: Structure: The … Read more
The brainstem is a critical part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It is responsible for regulating many essential life-sustaining functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as serving as a relay center for both sensory and motor pathways. The brainstem can be divided … Read more
Conduction System of Heart -Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat: The Elements of the Conduction System of the Heart and the Heartbeat refer to a specialized network of cells responsible for generating and transmitting electrical impulses that control the heart’s rhythmic contractions. This system ensures that the heart beats in … Read more
