Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement. It is caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, a part of the brain that controls movement. Causes of Parkinson’s Disease Genetic Factors: Mutations in specific genes (e.g., LRRK2, PARK2). Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins like pesticides and heavy metals. Age: Incidence … Read more
Sex hormone disorders in males involve imbalances or abnormalities in the production, function, or effects of sex hormones, primarily estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Sex Hormones Disorders can affect both males and females, leading to a variety of health issues. 1. Hypogonadism (Sex Hormones Disorders in males) Introduction Hypogonadism is a condition in which the body produces … Read more
Sex hormones disorders involve imbalances or abnormalities in the production, function, or effects of sex hormones, primarily estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. Sex hormones disorders can affect both males and females, leading to a variety of health issues. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Introduction PCOS is a hormonal disorder characterized by excessive androgens (male hormones) in females, … Read more
Cultivation of Anaerobes requires special techniques to create and maintain oxygen-free environments. Anaerobes are microorganisms that grow in the absence of oxygen. Two common methods for cultivating anaerobes are the candle jar method and the GasPak jar method. Candle Jar Method Description: A simple and inexpensive method to create a microaerophilic (low oxygen) environment. Procedure: … Read more
Preserving pure cultures is essential for maintaining bacterial viability and genetic stability over extended periods. Common preservation methods include: Refrigeration of Preservation Methods for Pure Cultures Temperature: 4°C Duration: Short-term storage (weeks to months). Procedure: Cultures are stored on agar slants or in broth media in a refrigerator. Advantages: Simple and easy for short-term use. … Read more
Thyroid Cancer Introduction Thyroid cancer arises from the cells of the thyroid gland. It is generally highly treatable and often curable, especially when detected early. Types of Thyroid Cancer Papillary: The most common and least aggressive type. Follicular: Includes Hurtled cell carcinoma; tends to spread to distant organs. Medullary: Arises from C cells that produce … Read more
Hyperthyroidism Introduction Hyperthyroidism of thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, in front of the trachea. It produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy generation, and overall growth and development. Thyroid diseases are common and can affect the structure or function of the thyroid gland. They are broadly classified into hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, … Read more
Hypothyroidism Introduction Hypothyroidism of thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, in front of the trachea. It produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy generation, and overall growth and development. Thyroid diseases are common and can affect the structure or function of the thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism, or underactive thyroid, occurs when the … Read more
Isolation Methods of pure cultures involves separating a single species of microorganism from a mixed population. Common methods include: Streak Plate Method: Procedure: A sterile inoculating loop is used to spread a diluted sample over the surface of an agar plate in a series of streaks. Purpose: To separate individual cells to form isolated colonies. … Read more
Type 2 Diabetes Introduction Type 2 diabetes, previously known as adult-onset diabetes or non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The most common form of diabetes. Characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Causes of Type 2 diabetes Genetic Factors Family history increases risk. Lifestyle Factors Obesity, physical inactivity, poor diet, and aging. Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of conditions: … Read more
