Introduction of Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques made of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries, leading to narrowed and hardened arteries. Types Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Affects the arteries supplying blood to the heart. Carotid Artery Disease: Affects the arteries supplying blood to the brain. Peripheral Artery … Read more
Introduction to Angina: Angina, or anginal pectoris, is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. It is a symptom of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD). Types Stable Angina: Occurrence: Predictably with physical exertion or emotional stress. Relief: Rest or nitroglycerin. Unstable Angina: Occurrence: Unpredictably, may occur at … Read more
Myocardial infarction (MI), or heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked for a long enough time to cause damage or death of the heart muscle. Types ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI): Severity: Severe type where a major coronary artery is completely blocked. ECG Changes: ST-segment elevation on the … Read more
Ultra-structure of Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled, prokaryotic microorganisms that are found in virtually every environment on Earth. They belong to the domain Bacteria, one of the two domains of prokaryotes, the other being Archaea. Bacteria are among the earliest forms of life, appearing about 3.5 billion years ago. The ultra-structure of bacteria refers to the … Read more
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes All living organisms are categorized into two fundamental types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. This distinction is based on cellular structure and complexity. Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, while eukaryotes encompass a broad range of organisms including animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Prokaryotes Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a defined nucleus … Read more
Scope and Importance of Microbiology Scope and Importance of Microbiology is crucial for understanding and harnessing microorganisms to improve health, agriculture, industry, and the environment. Medical Applications Disease Diagnosis and Treatment: Identification of pathogens and development of antibiotics and vaccines. Epidemiology: Understanding the spread and control of diseases. Environmental Impact Biogeochemical Cycles: Microorganisms play a crucial … Read more
Introduction to Microbiology Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with the study of microorganisms, which are microscopic organisms that exist as unicellular, multicellular, or cell clusters. These organisms include bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa, and algae. Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, bacteriology, protistology, mycology, immunology, and parasitology. History of Microbiology The … Read more
Congestive heart failure (CHF), also known simply as heart failure, is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to inadequate blood flow and oxygen delivery to the body’s organs and tissues. The term “congestive” refers to the accumulation of fluid that can occur in the lungs and other parts … Read more
Radiopharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals are a specialized class of medicinal products containing radioisotopes, which are unstable atoms emitting radiation. They are primarily used in nuclear medicine for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Applications of Radiopharmaceuticals Diagnostic Imaging Radiopharmaceuticals are used as imaging agents to visualize the function of specific organs or tissues. After administration, they accumulate in … Read more
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is consistently too high. Over time, this increased pressure can damage blood vessels and lead to various complications, including heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and … Read more
