Preparation of Potassium iodide: Potassium iodide can be prepared through the reaction of potassium hydroxide (KOH) with iodine (I₂). The chemical reaction is as follows: Properties Potassium iodide: Physical Appearance: White crystalline solid. Solubility: Soluble in water, with a slightly bitter, saline taste. Nature: Ionic compound. Melting Point: 681°C (1258°F). Stability: Relatively stable but can … Read more
Introduction to Expectorants: Expectorants are drugs that facilitate the expulsion of mucus from the respiratory tract by increasing mucus production and/or reducing its viscosity. They are used to treat coughs and congestion associated with common colds, bronchitis, and other respiratory illnesses. Classification of Expectorants Expectorants can be classified into two main categories: Direct-acting expectorants: These … Read more
Adaptation and Cell Injury, the basic units of life, are constantly exposed to various physical, chemical, and biological stimuli. While many of these stimuli are benign and essential for normal cell function, others can be harmful and lead to cell injury. Understanding how cells respond to these injurious stimuli is fundamental to comprehending various pathological … Read more
Protein synthesis is a vital biological process where cells produce proteins, which are essential for nearly all cellular functions. This process is directed by genetic information in DNA and occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation. Transcription of Protein synthesis: Location: Takes place in the nucleus. Process: Protein synthesis enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the … Read more
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a fundamental molecule that carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, reproduction, and survival of all living organisms. It serves as the hereditary material, and understanding its structure, function, replication, and role in gene expression and the genetic code is essential for insights into genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology. … Read more
Chromosome are fundamental structures within cells that carry and organize genetic information. Their highly organized composition of DNA and proteins, specifically histones, allows for the efficient packaging and regulation of genetic material. This detailed explanation will cover the structure, types, function, replication, segregation, and chemical composition of chromosomes, providing a comprehensive understanding of their role … Read more
Parturition, or childbirth, is the process by which the fetus and placenta are expelled from the uterus at the end of pregnancy. It involves a series of complex physiological events and is typically divided into three stages: the first stage (latent and active phases of labour), the second stage (delivery of the baby), and the … Read more
Fertilization is the process by which a sperm cell from a male combine with an egg cell from a female, resulting in a single-celled zygote, the first stage of embryonic development. Fertilization can be divided into several phases: 1. Sperm Migration and Capacitation: After ejaculation, sperm swim towards the egg in the fallopian tube. During … Read more
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease characterized by the buildup of lipids, inflammatory cells, and fibrous elements in large arteries. This Atherosclerosis process leads to the hardening and narrowing of arterial walls, which can result in serious cardiovascular events. Below is an overview of atherosclerosis pathophysiology: Endothelial Injury Cause: Damage to the endothelial cells lining arterial walls … Read more
The basic principles of wound healing in the skin involve a series of biological events aimed at repairing damaged tissue and restoring skin integrity. These can be divided into four overlapping phases: Hemostasis: Immediate Response: Occurs immediately after injury to stop bleeding. Clot Formation: Blood vessels constrict, platelets aggregate to form a platelet plug, and … Read more
