Principle of Membrane Filters Membrane filters operate on the principle of selective permeability, allowing certain molecules or particles to pass through while retaining others. They use a thin, semi-permeable membrane for filtration. Construction of Membrane Filters Membrane: Made from materials like cellulose acetate, polyamide, or polysulfone. Support Structure: Holds the membrane in place and provides … Read more
Morphological Features of Cell Injury are structural changes in cells caused by harmful stimuli. In reversible injury, cells may swell, accumulate fat, and show mild organelle damage. In irreversible injury, more severe changes occur, such as membrane rupture and nuclear alterations like pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis, often leading to necrosis or apoptosis. Morphological Features help … Read more
Principle of Silverson Emulsifier: The Silverson emulsifier operates on the principle of high-shear mixing. It uses a rotor-stator mechanism to create intense shear forces that emulsify, homogenize, and mix materials efficiently. Construction of Silverson Emulsifier: Rotor: High-speed rotating element. Stator: Stationary element with perforations or slots. Drive System: Motor to drive the rotor. Mixing Head: … Read more
Principles of Drum Dryer Drum drying involves spreading a liquid or slurry on a rotating heated drum. As the drum rotates, the material dries and is then scraped off. Construction of Drum Dryer Rotating Drum: Hollow drum heated internally by steam or other means. Feed System: Feeds material onto the drum surface. Doctor Blade: Scrapes … Read more
Principles of Spray Dryer Spray drying involves converting a liquid into a fine spray and then drying it using hot gas. This method allows for rapid drying and production of fine powders. Construction of Spray Dryer Atomizer: Converts liquid into fine droplets. Drying Chamber: Large chamber where hot air dries the droplets. Heating System: Heats … Read more
Principles of Paddles: This mixers operate on the principle of convective mixing. It move through the material, pushing and folding it to achieve thorough mixing. This type of mixing is gentle and suitable for materials that are sensitive to shear. Construction of Paddles: Paddles: Large flat or curved blades mounted on a central shaft. Shaft: … Read more
Principles of Turbines: Turbine mixers operate on the principle of high-shear mixing. The blades of the turbine create a turbulent flow in the liquid, which ensures rapid mixing and can create high shear forces suitable for breaking down particles and dispersing materials. Construction of Turbines: Blades: Typically, multiple flat or curved blades attached to a … Read more
Principles of Sigma Blade Mixer: The sigma blade mixer operates on the principle of shear and kneading, suitable for mixing high-viscosity materials. The design includes two sigma-shaped blades that rotate towards each other, creating a shearing and kneading action that mixes the materials thoroughly. Construction of Sigma Blade Mixer: Mixer Body: Heavy-duty trough that houses … Read more
Principles of Planetary Mixers: Planetary mixers operate on the principle of planetary motion, where one or more mixing blades rotate around their own axis while simultaneously orbiting around a central axis. This ensures thorough mixing of the materials. Construction of Planetary Mixers: Mixing Bowl: A stationary bowl that holds the materials. Planetary Blades: One or … Read more
Principles of Propellers: Propeller mixers operate on the principle of creating axial and radial flow patterns in liquids. The propeller blades create a vortex that circulates the liquid, promoting thorough mixing. Construction of Propellers: Propeller Blades: Three or more angled blades mounted on a central shaft. Drive System: Includes a motor and gearbox to rotate … Read more
