Chloroform (Trichloromethane) Definition Chloroform (Trichloromethane), also known by its IUPAC name trichloromethane (CHCl₃), is a colorless, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid that is non-flammable and heavier than water. It belongs to the class of compounds called halogenated hydrocarbons and is primarily used as a solvent, reagent, and intermediate in the production of various chemicals, especially refrigerants … Read more
Baeyer’s Strain Theory of Cycloalkanes proposed by Adolf von Baeyer in 1885, Baeyer’s Strain Theory is one of the earliest theories explaining the stability of cycloalkanes. Key Concepts of Baeyer’s Strain Theory of Cycloalkanes : Angle Strain: The theory is based on the idea that carbon atoms in a cycloalkane are sp³ hybridized, and therefore, … Read more
Ethyl chloride chloroethane, is a colorless, flammable gas or liquid under pressure with a faintly sweet odor. Ethyl chloride chloroethane is an ethyl group (C₂H₅) bonded to a chlorine atom, giving it the molecular formula C₂H₅Cl. It belongs to the class of compounds known as alkyl halides. Structure of Ethyl Chloride: Chemical Formula: C₂H₅Cl Molecular … Read more
SN1 versus and SN2 reactions comparing the key features: Feature SN1 Reaction SN2 Reaction Kinetics First-order kinetics: Rate = k [alkyl halide] Second-order kinetics: Rate = k [alkyl halide] [nucleophile] Reaction mechanism Two-step mechanism with carbocation intermediate One-step concerted mechanism Order of reactivity of alkyl halides 3° > 2° > 1° > methyl halide methyl … Read more
SN1 and SN2 Reactions Definition SN1 and SN2 are types of nucleophilic substitution reactions. SN1 is a two-step reaction involving a carbocation intermediate and occurs mainly with tertiary halides in polar protic solvents. Its rate depends only on the substrate. SN2 is a one-step, concerted reaction where the nucleophile attacks as the leaving group departs, … Read more
Cycloalkanes Methods of Preparation Generally, there are four Cycloalkanes Methods of Preparation which are stated below with the examples: 1. Hydrogenation of Aromatic Compounds: Process: Aromatic compounds like benzene can be hydrogenated in the presence of a catalyst (usually nickel, palladium, or platinum) under high pressure to produce cycloalkanes. Example: C6H6 (benzene) + 3H2 → Ni, heat … Read more
The preparation of alkyl halides can be accomplished through various methods, each involving different reactants and mechanisms. Below, these methods are organized and detailed for clarity about of Preparation of Alkyl Halides: 1. Halogenation of Alkanes (Free Radical Substitution) Process: This method involves the reaction of alkanes with halogens (Cl₂ or Br₂) in the presence … Read more
Alkyl halides, also known as haloalkanes or halogenoalkanes, are organic compounds containing one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) bonded to carbon atoms within an alkyl group. They are versatile compounds with various industrial, pharmaceutical, and laboratory applications. Types and Classification of Alkyl Halides It can be classified based on two main … Read more
Introduction to Fajans Method: Fajans method, also known as the adsorption indicator method, is used for determining halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and other anions like thiocyanate (SCN⁻). It uses silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as the titrant and an adsorption indicator, such as fluorescein, to detect the endpoint based on color change. Principle of Fajans Method: … Read more
Cycloalkanes are a class of saturated hydrocarbons characterized by a closed ring structure made up of carbon atoms connected by single bonds. Each carbon atom in the ring is bonded to two other carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms, with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ, where “n” represents the number of carbon atoms in the ring. … Read more
