Month: June 2025

Triphenylmethane

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Triphenylmethane

Structure of Triphenylmethane: Triphenylmethanes have a central carbon atom bonded to three phenyl groups. Its molecular formula is C19H16​. Synthesis of Triphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with chloroform in the presence of aluminum chloride to form triphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{3C_6H_6 + CHCl_3 \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C(C_6H_5)_3 + 3HCl}$ Grignard Reaction: Reaction: Benzophenone reacts with phenylmagnesium bromide to form … Read more

Diphenylmethane

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Diphenylmethane

Structure of Diphenylmethane: Diphenylmethanes consists of a methane molecule where two hydrogen atoms are replaced by two phenyl groups. The molecular formula is C13H12. Synthesis of Diphenylmethane: Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reaction: Benzene reacts with benzyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride to form diphenylmethanes. $\mathrm{C_6H_6 + C_6H_5CH_2Cl \xrightarrow{AlCl_3} C_6H_5CH_2C_6H_5 + HCl}$ Reactions of Diphenylmethane: Oxidation: … Read more

Anthracene

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Anthracene

Structure of Anthracene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear structure. The molecular formula is C14H10​, and it is isomeric with phenanthrene. Synthesis of Anthracene: From Coal Tar: Anthracenes are also isolated from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Elbs Reaction): Cyclodehydration: Ortho-benzoyltoluene is … Read more

Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions

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Electrophilic addition: an overview

Factors affecting E1 and E2 reactions Definition  Factors Affecting E1 and E2 Reactions (Short Version): E1 reactions depend on substrate concentration and proceed via carbocation formation, favoring stable substrates (like tertiary carbons), polar protic solvents, and weak bases. E2 reactions are second-order, requiring strong bases, good leaving groups, and polar aprotic solvents. An anti-periplanar arrangement … Read more

Naphthalene

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Naphthalene

Structure of Naphthalene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of two fused benzene rings. The molecular formula is C10H8. The structure is planar, and it has alternating double and single bonds, which are characteristic of aromatic compounds. Synthesis of Naphthalene: From Coal Tar: Naphthalenes are primarily obtained from coal tar, which is distilled to … Read more

Phenanthrene

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Structure of Phenanthrene: It is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings arranged in a linear arrangement. Its molecular formula is C14H10. Synthesis of Phenanthrene: From Coal Tar: It is extracted from the high boiling fraction of coal tar. Laboratory Synthesis (Bardhan-Sengupta Synthesis): Condensation: Benzene is condensed with phthalic anhydride in the … Read more

Anti-Markovnikov’s Orientation

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Anti-Markovnikov's Orientation

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule predicts the opposite regiochemistry of Markovnikov’s rule in certain reactions, especially in free radical additions. Markovnikov’s Rule: In the addition of a protic acid (HX) to an unsymmetrical alkene, hydrogen (H) attaches to the carbon with more hydrogen atoms, while the halide (X) attaches to the carbon with more substituents. Anti-Markovnikov’s Orientation: In … Read more

Conjugated dienes

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Conjugated dienes

Conjugated dienes are a fascinating class of organic compounds characterized by two carbon-carbon double bonds separated by a single carbon-carbon bond. This unique structure endows dienes with remarkable physical and chemical properties, distinguishing them from other types of organic compounds. Below, we delve into the intricacies of dienes, exploring their types, nomenclature, physical and chemical … Read more

Ozonolysis of Alkenes

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Ozonolysis of Alkenes

Ozonolysis is a chemical reaction that cleaves the double bonds in alkenes or alkynes by reacting with ozone (O₃), leading to the formation of smaller organic compounds. It is a valuable technique in organic synthesis and structural determination, as it breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones, facilitating the identification of molecular structures. Mechanism of … Read more