Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate is a long-acting anti-anginal drug that improves blood flow and reduces cardiac workload by dilating blood vessels. Structure of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate PETN is a nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, featuring four nitrate groups esterified to the hydroxyl groups of pentaerythritol. Chemical Formula: C₅H₈N₃O₁₈ Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Release: PETN metabolizes to release NO, … Read more
Nitroglycerin is a potent anti-anginal drug that relieves chest pain by dilating coronary arteries and reducing myocardial oxygen demand. Structure of Nitroglycerin It is also known as glyceryl trinitrate, is a nitrate ester of glycerol. It contains three nitrate groups esterified to the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Chemical Formula: C₃H₅N₃O₉ Mode of Action Nitric … Read more
Structure of Amyl Nitrite It is an organic compound belonging to the class of alkyl nitrites. It consists of a nitrite group attached to an amyl (pentyl) chain. Chemical Formula: C₅H₁₁NO₂ Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Donor: It releases nitric oxide (NO) upon metabolism. Vasodilation: NO activates guanylate cyclase in vascular smooth muscle, increasing cyclic … Read more
Angina Pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often triggered by exertion or stress and linked to coronary artery disease. Angina pectoris, commonly referred to simply as angina, is a clinical syndrome characterized by ischemic chest pain resulting from an imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply. It … Read more
Anti-Anginal Drugs are medications that relieve chest pain in angina by improving blood flow to the heart or reducing its oxygen demand. Anti-anginal drugs are medications used to alleviate and prevent angina pectoris (chest pain) resulting from myocardial ischemia. They work by either increasing the oxygen supply to the heart muscle or decreasing its oxygen … Read more
Learn about Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs including statins, fibrates, and other agents used to manage cholesterol and triglycerides. Hyperlipidemia involves elevated levels of lipids in the blood, increasing the risk of atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Anti-Hyperlipidemic Drugs aim to lower lipid levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and raise high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Major Classes … Read more
Angina Pectoris refers to chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Anti-Anginal Drugs aim to relieve and prevent angina by improving myocardial oxygen supply or reducing demand. Major Classes of Anti-Anginal Drugs 1. Nitrates Examples: Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate, Isosorbide Dinitrate MOA: Donate nitric oxide (NO), causing vasodilation … Read more
Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs are classified based on the Vaughan-Williams classification into four main classes, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Learn about Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs including their classes, mechanisms, and clinical uses in treating arrhythmias effectively. Cardiac Arrhythmias are disturbances in the normal rhythm or rate of the heartbeat. Major Classes of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: 1. Class I: Sodium … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Drugs is a chronic condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive drugs aim to lower blood pressure through various mechanisms. Major Classes of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs: 1. Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone MOA: Inhibit Na⁺/Cl⁻ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. Benefits: Reduce blood … Read more
Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) include diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis to improve heart function. Understanding Drugs Used in Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is vital for symptom relief, slowing disease progression, and enhancing survival. Congestive heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet … Read more
