Classification of Anti-Neoplastic Agents

Classification of Anti-Neoplastic Agents

Classification of anti-neoplastic agents based on mechanism and origin, targeting cancer cells and aiding effective cancer therapy. Classification of Anti-Neoplastic Agents Anti-neoplastic agents are classified based on their mechanism of action and origin. The primary categories include: Alkylating Agents Mechanism: Add alkyl groups to DNA, causing cross-linking and preventing DNA replication and transcription. Examples: Mechlorethamine … Read more

Neostigmine

Neostigmine

Neostigmine is a synthetic quaternary ammonium compound that acts as a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. It inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing the concentration of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions and cholinergic synapses. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₉N₂O₂⁺ Mechanism of Action: Reversible AChE inhibitor. Also has some direct nicotinic agonist activity at NMJ. Uses of Neostigmine: Myasthenia gravis Reversal … Read more

Physostigmine

Physostigmine

Physostigmine is a naturally occurring reversible cholinesterase inhibitor derived from the seeds of Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean). It inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to increased levels of acetylcholine at synaptic and neuromuscular junctions. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₂₁N₃O₂ Mechanism of Action: Reversible AChE inhibitor. Crosses blood-brain barrier (BBB) → CNS effects. Uses of Physostigmine: Antidote for anticholinergic toxicity (e.g. … Read more

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine

Pilocarpine is a naturally occurring alkaloid and cholinergic parasympathomimetic agent that acts primarily as a muscarinic receptor agonist. It mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, especially M3 receptors, stimulating smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion, and pupil constriction. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂ Mechanism of Action: Muscarinic agonist, especially M3 Stimulates secretions and ciliary muscle contraction … Read more

History of Pharmacy Education

History of Pharmacy Education

History of Pharmacy Education has evolved from traditional apprenticeships to structured university-based programs emphasizing science, clinical skills, and patient care. History of Pharmacy Education in India: Pharmacy education in India began in 1863 with the first pharmacy course at Calcutta Medical College. The modern framework was established after the Pharmacy Act of 1948, which set … Read more

History of Indian pharmacy

History of Indian pharmacy

The History of the Indian pharmacy profession in India can be divided into four main phases: ancient history, the colonial period, the post-independence period, and the modern era. Ancient History of Indian pharmacy: Pharmacy in India has roots in traditional systems of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Ancient texts such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta … Read more

Cancer

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases marked by uncontrolled cell growth, potentially spreading to other parts of the body and affecting vital organ function. Definition: It refers to the uncontrolled growth and division of body cells, leading to the formation of abnormal tissues known as neoplasms or tumors. Neoplasm: A mass of tissue that develops … Read more

Types of redox titrations

Redox titrations are of various types, including permanganate, dichromate, iodometric, and iodimetric titrations. 1. Cerimetry: Principle: Cerimetry involves the use of cerium(IV) salts, such as cerium(IV) sulfate, as the oxidizing titrant. In this process, cerium(IV) ions are reduced to cerium(III) ions when they react with reducing agents in the analyte. Applications: Cerimetry is used to … Read more

Introduction to Tannins

Tannins

Introduction to Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds found in plants with astringent properties. Introduction to Tannins: Used in leather tanning, medicine, and as antioxidants. Tannins are water-soluble polyphenolic compounds found in many plants that bind and precipitate proteins, offering astringent properties. Structure & Classification: Polyphenolic Nature: High-molecular-weight polyphenolic compounds. Types: Hydrolyzable Tannin: Gallic or ellagic acid esterified … Read more

Opium

Opium

General Introduction of Opium: Opium alkaloids are among the most ancient and widely used natural products, valued for their analgesic, antitussive, and sedative properties. They are primarily derived from the latex of the opium poppy. Synonyms of Opium: Common Name: Poppy alkaloids Scientific Name: Papaver somniferum alkaloids Other Names: Morphine, Codeine, Papaverine alkaloids Biological Source: … Read more