Ranitidine is an H₂-receptor antagonist used to reduce stomach acid in conditions like ulcers, GERD, and acid reflux. Structure of Ranitidine It is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist featuring a furan ring connected to a dimethylamine side chain and a nitro group. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₈N₄O₃S Mode of Action Ranitidine selectively blocks H₂ receptors on gastric parietal … Read more
General Introduction to Mentha (Peppermint Oil): Mentha, particularly peppermint, is a major source of volatile oils widely used for its cooling, carminative, and antimicrobial properties. The oil contains menthol as its principal constituent, which is responsible for its characteristic aroma and therapeutic effects. Synonyms of Mentha (Peppermint Oil): Common name: Peppermint Scientific name: Mentha piperita … Read more
Introduction to Volatile Oils: Aromatic compounds from plants, easily evaporate. Introduction to Volatile Oils: Used in therapy, perfumery, and flavoring industries. Definition & Composition: Volatile, aromatic liquids (essential oils) extracted from plants. Primarily composed of terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes) and aromatic compounds. Volatile oils Roles in Plants: Attraction: Fragrances attract pollinators and seed dispersers. Defense: Antimicrobial … Read more
General Introduction to Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides) : Digitalis is a primary source of potent cardiac glycosides (e.g., digoxin and digitoxin), used to treat heart failure and arrhythmias. These compounds are derived from the dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata. Synonyms of Digitalis (Cardiac Glycosides): Common Name: Foxglove Scientific Names: Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis lanata … Read more
Introduction to Dioscorea (Steroids): Dioscorea (Steroids) is an important source of steroidal saponins, particularly diosgenin, which is used as a precursor in the synthesis of steroidal drugs, including corticosteroids and oral contraceptives. Synonyms of Dioscorea (Steroids): Common name: Wild Yam Scientific name: Dioscorea spp. (e.g., Dioscorea deltoidea, Dioscorea villosa) Synonyms: Yam, Mexican yam Biological Source: … Read more
Methacholine is a synthetic choline ester, and a non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist used primarily for diagnostic purposes. It mimics the action of acetylcholine on muscarinic receptors, particularly in the lungs and smooth muscles. Chemical Formula: C₈H₁₈ClNO₂ Mechanism of Action: Selective muscarinic agonist Slightly longer acting than ACh due to beta-methyl resistance to AChE. Uses … Read more
Bethanechol is a synthetic choline ester and a direct-acting parasympathomimetic agent that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors (especially M3) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and urinary bladder. It mimics the effect of acetylcholine on smooth muscle without significant effects on nicotinic receptors or the central nervous system. Chemical Formula: C₇H₁₇NO₂ Mechanism of Action: Selective muscarinic agonist … Read more
Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes are electrodes that respond to the activity of ions in a solution. Their potential varies depending on the concentration of a particular ion. Common types include metal electrodes and glass electrodes. 1.Metal Electrodes is Construction and Working of Indicator Electrodes Construction: Metal electrodes, such as platinum or gold, are … Read more
Construction and Working of Reference electrodes are half-cells with a stable and well-defined electrode potential. These electrodes are used to provide a constant potential against which the potential of other electrodes can be measured. Common reference electrodes include the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), Silver-Silver Chloride Electrode (Ag/AgCl), and Calomel Electrode. 1.Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) as Construction … Read more
Carbachol (Carbamoylcholine) is a cholinergic agonist that mimics the action of acetylcholine by stimulating both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₅ClN₂O₂ Mechanism of Action: Direct agonist at muscarinic and nicotinic Longer duration due to resistance to AChE. Uses of Carbachol: Used topically in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure. Also used to induce miosis during … Read more
