Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter a chemical messenger that plays a key role in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is involved in transmitting nerve impulses across synapses, particularly at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, and within the brain. Chemical Formula: C₇H₁₆NO₂⁺ Mechanism of Action: Mimics acetylcholine at muscarinic and … Read more
The Dropping Mercury Electrode (DME) is commonly used in polarography and electrochemical techniques. It provides a clean, renewable surface for redox reactions, offering low background current and reproducibility. Construction of Dropping Mercury Electrode: Capillary Tube: A fine glass tube with an internal diameter of 10-50 µm through which mercury flows. The tube is mounted vertically … Read more
Applications of Polarography is used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of reducible or oxidizable substances in solutions. Trace Analysis in Applications of Polarography: Used for detecting and quantifying trace amounts of electroactive species (e.g., metal ions, organic compounds) with high sensitivity and selectivity. Environmental Monitoring in Applications of Polarography: Determines concentrations of heavy metals … Read more
Famotidine is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist used to treat ulcers, GERD, and acid-related disorders. Structure of Famotidine It is a second-generation H₂-receptor antagonist characterized by a thiazole ring linked to a guanidine moiety and a difluoromethyl group. Chemical Formula: C₈H₉N₇O₂S₂ Mode of Action Famotidine competitively inhibits H₂ receptors on gastric parietal cells, leading to decreased … Read more
The Rotating Platinum Electrode (RPE) is used in electrochemical experiments, especially in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) configurations. It provides enhanced mass transport for studying redox reactions, kinetics, and mass transfer. Construction of Rotating Platinum Electrode: Platinum Disk: A flat, polished platinum disk (1-10 mm in diameter) mounted on insulating material … Read more
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique introduced by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in 1922. It measures the current-potential (I-V) relationship by applying a gradually increasing voltage to a working electrode in a solution containing the analyte. The current results from redox reactions at the electrode surface. Principle of Polarography Polarography is based on measuring current as a function … Read more
General Introduction to Liquorice (Triterpenoids): Liquorice is a medicinal plant that is rich in triterpenoid saponins, particularly glycyrrhizin, which is responsible for its characteristic sweet taste and therapeutic properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and hepatoprotective effects. Synonyms of Liquorice (Triterpenoids) Common name: Licorice, Sweet root Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza … Read more
Introduction to Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: Natural compounds with therapeutic roles. Introduction to Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids are bioactive natural compounds with crucial therapeutic roles in inflammation, heart disorders, and hormonal regulation. Steroids: Structure: Four fused rings (three six-membered, one five-membered). Functions: Membrane Structure: Cholesterol regulates membrane fluidity and permeability. Hormonal Roles: Includes … Read more
Introduction to Ruta (Flavonoids): Ruta, primarily Ruta graveolens (Rue), is rich in flavonoid and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial properties. Synonyms of Ruta (Flavonoids): Common name: Rue Scientific name: Ruta graveolens Other names: Herb-of-grace, Common rue Biological Source: Derived from the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of Ruta graveolens. Family: Rutaceae Composition: Major flavonoids: Rutin … Read more
Introduction to tea (Flavonoids): Tea, derived from Camellia sinensis, is rich in flavonoids (catechins, flavonols) and widely consumed for its health benefits, including antioxidant, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Popular types: Green tea, black tea, oolong tea. Synonyms of Tea (Flavonoids): Common name: Tea Scientific name: Camellia sinensis Other names: Green tea, Black tea, Oolong tea … Read more
