Atenolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta-blockers. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension), angina (chest pain), and to improve survival after a heart attack. Atenolol works by blocking the action of certain natural chemicals in the body, such as adrenaline, on the heart and blood … Read more
Metipranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (beta-blocker) used primarily in ophthalmology to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with conditions such as open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Chemical Structure & Formula: Similar to other beta blockers, featuring an aromatic ring linked to a propanolamine moiety. Approximate Formula: C₁₅H₂₂N₂O Mechanism of Action: Acts as a nonselective … Read more
Propranolol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker (beta-blocker) used primarily to treat cardiovascular conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), and angina (chest pain). It is also used to prevent migraines, reduce symptoms of anxiety (especially physical symptoms like rapid heartbeat), and manage certain types of tremors. Chemical Structure & Formula: Consists … Read more
Methysergide is a synthetic ergot alkaloid derivative that acts primarily as a serotonin receptor antagonist. It has been used in the prevention of migraine headaches and cluster headaches, although its use has declined due to concerns about long-term side effects, particularly retroperitoneal fibrosis. Chemical Structure & Formula: A lysergamide derivative closely related to lysergic acid, … Read more
Dihydroergotamine is a medication derived from ergot alkaloids that is primarily used to treat migraine headaches. It works by constricting dilated blood vessels in the brain and inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides. Chemical Structure & Formula: An ergot alkaloid with a complex polycyclic structure derived from ergot fungus metabolites, including an ergoline skeleton with … Read more
Prazosin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha-1 adrenergic blockers. It works by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which helps to lower blood pressure. It is primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Chemical Structure & Formula: A quinazoline derivative with a piperazine … Read more
Phenoxybenzamine is a long-acting, non-selective, and irreversible alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is primarily used to manage hypertension and sweating associated with pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal glands that produces excess catecholamines (like adrenaline). Chemical Structure & Formula: Features a phenoxy group attached to an aliphatic chain terminating in an amine, capable of covalent … Read more
Phentolamine is a non-selective alpha-adrenergic antagonist (alpha-blocker) used primarily to manage and treat hypertensive emergencies, particularly those caused by pheochromocytoma. Phentolamine works by blocking alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, leading to vasodilation, reduced blood pressure, and improved blood flow. Chemical Structure & Formula: Contains an imidazoline fragment linked to a substituted aromatic moiety (often an … Read more
Tolazoline is a vasodilator drug primarily used to treat peripheral vascular diseases and sometimes as an antidote for vasoconstrictor overdoses, such as in cases of ergot poisoning or severe hypertension due to vasoconstrictive agents. It works by blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors, leading to relaxation of blood vessels and improved blood flow. Chemical Structure & Formula: Tolazoline … Read more
Beta Adrenergic Blockers inhibit the stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors (β1 and β2), leading to decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen demand. Beta Adrenergic Blockers are commonly used for hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias, and anxiety disorders. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of Beta Blockers The SAR of beta blockers is important for understanding their pharmacological properties: Aromatic … Read more
