Definition of Posology Posology is derived from the Greek words “posos” meaning “how much” and “logos” meaning “science.” It refers to the study of drug dosages, which includes not only the amount of the drug to be administered but also the frequency and duration of treatment. Posology aims to determine the correct dosage to achieve … Read more
Errors in prescription can occur at various stages, including during prescribing, dispensing, and administration. These errors can compromise patient safety and treatment effectiveness. Below are some common types of prescriptions errors: Common Prescription Errors Illegible Handwriting: Difficulty in reading the prescriber’s handwriting can lead to misinterpretation of the medication name, strength, or dosage instructions. Incorrect … Read more
Handling of prescription is a critical responsibility for pharmacists to ensure the safe and effective dispensing of medications. The process involves several steps: 1. Receiving in Handling of Prescription: The pharmacist receives the prescription, either directly from the patient or electronically from the prescriber. The prescription is reviewed for completeness, legibility, and all necessary information. … Read more
The Application of electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification is to analyze genetic material and protein purity in research and diagnostics. Application of electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification enables separation of biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins by charge and size. Electrophoresis separates charged molecules in an electric field based on size, … Read more
Application of Spectroscopy in Isolation, Purification and Identification helps detect, separate, and purify plant compounds precisely. Explore the Application of Spectroscopy in Isolation, Purification and Identification to analyze structure and ensure compound purity. Spectroscopic methods play a crucial role in identifying the structure, functional groups, and composition of bioactive compounds in crude extracts. Common techniques … Read more
Explore the Application of Chromatography in the isolation, purification and identification for accurate compound detection and purity analysis. Application of Chromatography in the isolation, purification and identification enables separation of complex plant mixtures with precision. Chromatography is essential for separating, purifying, and identifying bioactive compounds from crude plant or microbial extracts. These techniques exploit differences … Read more
Basics of Phytochemistry: Basics of Phytochemistry explore plant-derived bioactive compounds essential in drug discovery and natural product chemistry. Definition and Scope of Basics of Phytochemistry: Phytochemistry is the study of chemicals derived from plants (phytochemicals) and encompasses their biosynthesis, structure, function, and application. These compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, saponins, and glycosides, among others. … Read more
Modern Methods of Extraction is the first crucial step in phytochemical analysis, aiming to isolate bioactive compounds from plant material. Modern extraction methods focus on improving efficiency, reducing solvent usage, and preserving compound integrity. Conventional Extraction Techniques Conventional methods have been used for a long time and rely primarily on heat and solvent use to … Read more
Industrial Production of Vincristine and Vinblastine Source: Vincristine and vinblastine are alkaloids extracted from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus (formerly Vinca rosea). Extraction Process of Vincristine and Vinblastine: Cultivation: roseus is cultivated in controlled environments to maximize alkaloid content. Harvesting: Aerial parts (leaves and stems) are harvested, dried, and processed. Extraction: Solvent extraction … Read more
Industrial Production of Taxol (Paclitaxel) Source: Taxol is a complex diterpenoid alkaloid originally isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia. Extraction Process of Taxol (Paclitaxel): Harvesting: Historically, Taxus tree bark was harvested destructively, but sustainable methods have been developed. Sustainable Production: Nowadays, taxol is also obtained from cultivated Taxus cell cultures … Read more
