Definition of Toothpastes: Toothpastes are complex formulations designed to clean and polish teeth, protect against cavities, and freshen breath. The primary mechanisms include mild abrasive action, chemical plaque removal, and beneficial active ingredients like fluoride. Formulation Goals: Cleaning: Mechanical removal of plaque and food debris. Mild Abrasivity: Effective yet gentle on tooth enamel. Foaming: Aid … Read more
Definition of Vanishing Cream: Vanishing cream are oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions that leave a non-greasy, matte finish on the skin. The name “vanishing cream” comes from their fast absorption and the absence of a shiny residue. Key Ingredients: Fatty Acids: Provide a smooth texture (e.g., stearic acid). Water: Continuous phase. Emulsifiers: Ensure stability (e.g., triethanolamine). Preservatives … Read more
Definition of Cold Cream: Cold Cream are water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, traditionally used for cleansing and moisturizing the skin. They provide a cooling sensation upon application due to the evaporation of water from the skin surface. Key Ingredients: Oils and Fats: Provide emolliency (e.g., mineral oil, beeswax). Water: Hydrating phase. Emulsifiers: Stabilize the emulsion (e.g., borax, … Read more
Definition of Shampoos: Shampoos are cleansing formulations designed for the hair and scalp. The key goals are: Cleansing: Removal of sebum, dirt, and styling products. Foam and lather: Consumer perception of cleansing efficacy. Hair conditioning: Minimizing tangling and damage. Scalp care: Maintaining scalp health, minimizing irritation. Key Ingredients Surfactants: Provide cleansing and foaming (e.g., sodium … Read more
Cosmetics are products used to enhance or alter the appearance, fragrance, or texture of the human body, especially the skin, hair, and nails. Cosmetics include makeup, skincare, and personal care items designed to improve hygiene, beautify, and promote confidence. Lipsticks: Definition: Lipsticks are solid, wax-based products intended to color and protect the lips. The primary … Read more
Phenylephrine is a selective α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptor agonist commonly used as a decongestant, vasopressor, and mydriatic agent. It works by stimulating α<sub>1</sub>-receptors, leading to vasoconstriction, which reduces nasal congestion and increases blood pressure. Chemical Structure & Formula Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₃NO₂ Structure: Mechanism of Action (Detailed) Selective α1 agonist → Causes vasoconstriction. Increases blood pressure without affecting … Read more
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced by the adrenal glands. It plays a key role in the body’s “fight-or-flight” response by increasing heart rate, expanding airways, raising blood pressure, and mobilizing energy stores. Chemical Structure & Formula Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₃NO₃ Structure: Mechanism of Action (Detailed) Epinephrine acts on both α … Read more
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a key role in the body’s “fight-or-flight” response. It is produced primarily in the adrenal medulla and by certain neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Chemical Structure & Formula Chemical Formula: C₈H₁₁NO₃ Structure: Mechanism of Action (Detailed) It is primarily acts on α1, α2, … Read more
Structure-Activity Relationship mimic catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) by stimulating adrenergic receptors (α and β). Their activity depends on structural modifications affecting receptor selectivity, metabolism, and CNS penetration. Key Structure-Activity Relationship Features Catechol Ring Substitutions 3,4-Dihydroxy (Catechol): High α/β activity, rapid metabolism (e.g., Epinephrine, Norepinephrine). Single Hydroxyl (-OH) Group: Reduces metabolism, increases α1 selectivity (e.g., Phenylephrine). No … Read more
Sympathomimetic Agents the actions of endogenous catecholamines. They are broadly classified into three groups based on their mechanism of action: Classification of Sympathomimetic Agents Sympathomimetic agents are drugs that mimic the actions of the sympathetic (adrenergic) nervous system. They are classified based on their mechanism of action in activating adrenergic receptors. 1. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics Mechanism: These … Read more
