Month: July 2025

Formulation Requirements for Pellets

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Formulation Requirements for Pellets

Formulation Requirements for Pellets include ensuring uniform particle size, appropriate flowability, compressibility, for optimal processing and performance. Formulation Requirements for Pellets also involve maintaining drug stability, controlling moisture content, and achieving desired drug release profiles through suitable polymers and excipients. The formulation of pellets involves careful selection of ingredients to ensure proper drug release, stability, … Read more

Packing, Storage, and Stability Testing

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Packing, Storage, and Stability Testing

Packing, Storage, and Stability Testing ensure drug protection by using suitable containers and environmental controls to preserve efficacy and safety. Packing, Storage, and Stability Testing help determine a product’s shelf life by assessing its physical, chemical, and microbiological stability under various conditions. Packing: Soft gelatin capsules are packed in moisture-proof containers to prevent degradation. Common … Read more

Catecholamines Biosynthesis

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Catecholamines Biosynthesis

Catecholamines Biosynthesis (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) are synthesized from tyrosine in adrenergic neurons and the adrenal medulla. Steps of Catecholamines Biosynthesis Tyrosine Transport & Hydroxylation: Tyrosine, derived from diet or synthesized from phenylalanine, is transported into neurons. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) converts tyrosine into L-DOPA (Rate-limiting step). Decarboxylation to Dopamine: DOPA decarboxylase converts L-DOPA into dopamine. … Read more

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) on Drugs Acting

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Drugs Acting on the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Definition  The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for the “fight or flight” response. Drugs acting on the SNS either stimulate (sympathomimetics) or inhibit (sympatholytic) its activity by targeting adrenergic receptors (α and β), affecting heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and metabolic processes. Adrenergic … Read more

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) on Drugs Acting

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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) on Drugs Acting

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) Definition  The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) are drugs that mimic or enhance the effects. They promote “rest and digest” functions by stimulating muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, leading to effects such as reduced heart rate, increased glandular secretions, and enhanced digestive activity. Cholinergic Agonists (Parasympathomimetics) Mimic acetylcholine, stimulating the PNS. Effects: ↓ … Read more

Neurons and Synapses

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Neurons and Synapses

Neurons and Synapses Definition  neurons and synapses, representing the fundamental unit of neural communication where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. It emphasizes the inseparable relationship between the nerve cell (neuron) and its connection point (synapse) in processing and transmitting information within the nervous system. Neurons Neurons are the fundamental … Read more

The Nervous System: An Overview

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The Nervous System An Overview

The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and cells, known as neurons, that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It essentially functions as the body’s electrical wiring. It is divided into two main components: Central (CNS) Peripheral (PNS) This system is fundamental to everything the body does, from sensing heat and … Read more

Pelletization Process

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Pelletization Process

Pelletization is the process of converting fine powders or granules into small, free-flowing, spherical units. Pelletization Process can be achieved through various techniques: Common Pelletization Techniques: Extrusion-Spheronization: The most widely used method for producing pellets. Steps: Mixing and Wet Massing: The drug and excipients are blended, and a binder solution is added to form a … Read more

Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets

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Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets

Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets involves specialized machinery for producing uniform drug-loaded spheres. It includes mixers, extruders, and spheronizers essential for granulation, shaping, and rounding processes. Equipment for the Manufacture of Pellets ensures efficiency, quality, and scalability in pharmaceutical pellet production, meeting dosage uniformity and controlled-release requirements. The choice of equipment depends on the … Read more

Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules

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Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules

Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules include delivering poorly water-soluble drugs, enhancing bioavailability, and masking unpleasant tastes and odors. Applications of Soft Gelatin Capsules extend to vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids, and herbal supplements for improved stability and absorption. It has versatile applications in various fields: Pharmaceutical Applications: Oral Drugs: For liquid or poorly water-soluble drugs. Modified … Read more