Below we have described about the key recommendations of the Mudaliar Committee 1959 and its role in strengthening India’s healthcare infrastructure. Purpose of Mudaliar Committee 1959: Chaired by A.L. Mudaliar, this committee was formed to assess the progress made since the Bhore Committee and to suggest further improvements in the healthcare system. Objectives of Mudaliar … Read more
Purpose of Health Survey and Development Committee 1943: The Bhore Committee, led by Sir Joseph Bhore, was set up to evaluate the existing healthcare system and recommend ways to improve public health infrastructure. Objectives of Health Survey and Development Committee 1943: Assess the state of public health services in India. Recommend improvements in the healthcare … Read more
This article explains about the findings of the Drugs Enquiry Committee (Chopra Committee) 1930–1931 and its impact on Indian drug regulation reforms. Purpose: The Drugs Enquiry Committee, chaired by Colonel R.N. Chopra, was the first committee established to investigate the pharmaceutical industry in India. Objectives: Examine the quality of drugs available in the market. Study … Read more
Get an Introduction to Pharmaceutical Legislations in India covering major drug laws, compliance, and regulatory frameworks affecting the pharma sector. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Legislations India’s pharmaceutical sector has developed over time due to growing healthcare needs and increasing industrial advancements. Before independence, the pharmaceutical industry in India was largely unregulated, and there was no proper … Read more
Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism: It is influenced by biological, chemical, and stereochemical factors, affecting drug efficacy, clearance, and potential toxicity. Biological and Chemical Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism Genetic Polymorphisms Enzyme Variability: Differences in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP450) lead to variations in metabolic rates. Metabolizer Phenotypes: Individuals can be poor, intermediate, extensive, or ultra-rapid … Read more
Drug Metabolism Principles Definition Drug Metabolism Principles: Drug metabolism is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances in the body, primarily carried out by liver enzymes. It occurs in two main phases: Phase I Metabolism Overview: Phase I reactions modify drug molecules via oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis, often introducing or exposing functional groups (-OH, -NH₂, -SH). Common … Read more
Drug metabolism is the chemical transformation of pharmaceuticals, primarily in the liver, converting lipophilic compounds into water-soluble metabolites for easier excretion. Key Goals of Drug Metabolism Detoxification: Converts toxic compounds into less harmful forms. Excretion: Enhances drug elimination via urine or bile. Regulation of Drug Activity: Activates prodrugs or inactivates drugs, influencing their effect. Enzymatic … Read more
Optical and Geometrical Definition Optical and Geometrical Isomerism: Stereoisomerism is a form of isomerism in which compounds have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution) but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups. It includes geometrical isomerism, which arises from restricted rotation around double bonds or ring structures leading to … Read more
Bioisosterism Definition: Bioisosterism are structurally similar chemical groups that mimic the biological activity of another. Importance in Drug Design: Improved Activity: Replacement of groups can enhance potency and reduce toxicity. Increased Stability: Bioisosteres improve metabolic stability. Reduced Side Effects: Modification helps improve drug safety. Examples: Sulfonamide (-SO₂NH₂) as a bioisostere of carboxyl (-COOH) in diuretics. Fluorine … Read more
Size of capsules refers to the standardized dimensions of empty capsules, indicating their volume capacity. They range from 000 (largest) to 5 (smallest), used to encapsulate varying drug doses. Size of capsules determines the fill weight and patient compliance. Proper size selection ensures accurate dosing, ease of swallowing, and suitability for the intended formulation. Soft … Read more
