Learn the legal process and regulations for manufacture of opium in India under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act. Definition of Manufacture of Opium: The production of opium from opium poppy plants, involving latex extraction and drying from seed pods. Licensing Requirements for Manufacture of Opium Cultivation License: Required for growing opium poppy. Manufacturing … Read more
Granulation Methods are the processes of particle size enlargement by forming agglomerates (granules) to improve flowability, compressibility, and uniformity of powders before tablet compression. It is classified into wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression. 1. Wet Granulation Methods: Definition: Involves the use of a liquid binder to form granules by agglomerating the powder particles. … Read more
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. One of the most fundamental models in enzyme kinetics is the Michaelis-Menten model, which describes how the reaction rate depends on the concentration of substrate and the enzyme’s affinity for the substrate. Michaelis-Menten Equation of Enzyme Kinetics The Michaelis-Menten equation is given by: $v … Read more
Below we have described about the prohibition control and regulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances under Indian law to prevent misuse and trafficking. Prohibition Control and Regulation of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic substances The NDPS Act establishes a comprehensive framework to prohibit, control, and regulate narcotic and psychotropic substances, ensuring that their availability is … Read more
Definition of Opium Poppy Cultivation The cultivation of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) for producing opium and its derivatives. Licensing and Regulation Cultivation License: Required for legally growing opium poppy. Issued by the Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN) or relevant state authorities. Criteria for Licensing: Land suitability and security measures. Compliance with agricultural and safety standards. … Read more
Formulation of Tablets involves selecting suitable excipients and processing methods to create effective, stable dosage forms. It includes drug blending, granulation, compression, and coating for consistent drug release and patient compliance. Formulating a tablet involves selecting appropriate APIs and excipients and determining their proportions to achieve desired tablet properties. The formulation process includes: Steps involved … Read more
The classification of tablets includes oral, buccal, sublingual, vaginal, and implantable tablets, each designed for specific delivery sites. The classification of tablets also includes immediate release, sustained release, delayed release, and controlled release forms. Based on Route of Administration: Oral Tablets: Conventional Tablets: Disintegrate and dissolve in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., Paracetamol). Chewable Tablets: Meant … Read more
The nomenclature and IUBMB classification of enzymes refers to the systematic method used to name and categorize enzymes based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. nomenclature and IUBMB classification of enzymes system is governed by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). Enzyme Nomenclature Systematic and Descriptive Naming: Enzymes are named systematically to … Read more
Enzymes Properties Definition Enzymes Properties: It is biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up the rate of chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. They are highly specific, efficient, and function under mild biological conditions. Catalytic Efficiency: Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by millions-fold, making vital biochemical processes occur rapidly. Specificity: They … Read more
Oxidative phosphorylation is a key process in cellular respiration that occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing most of the cell’s ATP. It involves two main components: the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through a series of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This … Read more
