Source and Occurrence of Menthol: Menthol is predominantly found in the essential oils of the peppermint plant (Mentha × piperita), but it is also present in other mint species such as spearmint (Mentha spicata). It is widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries for its cooling sensation and minty flavor. Isolation of Menthol: Extraction: … Read more
Thioguanine is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used in acute leukemia treatment by inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis in cancer cells. Structure of Thioguanine It is also known as 6-thioguanine (6-TG), is a purine analog with the following structural features: Purine Base: Similar to guanine. Thio Group: Contains a sulfur atom replacing the oxygen at position 6. … Read more
Mercaptopurine is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used to treat leukemia by interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis in cancer cells. Structure of Mercaptopurine It is also known as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), is a purine analog with the following structural features: Purine Base: Similar to hypoxanthine. Thio Group: Contains a sulfur atom replacing the oxygen at position 6. … Read more
Methotrexate is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used to treat leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Structure of Methotrexate It is a folate analog with the following structural features: Pteridine Ring: Core structure similar to folic acid. Glutamate Residues: Multiple glutamate moieties attached to the pteridine ring. Chemical Formula: C₂⁰H₂⁷N₇O₇ Mode of Action Methotrexate … Read more
Cytarabine is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used in leukemia treatment by inhibiting DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Structure of Cytarabine It is also known as Ara-C, is a pyrimidine analog with the following structural features: Cytosine Base: Similar to the natural nucleobase cytosine. Ribose Sugar: Modified with an arabinose moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄H₇N₃O₅ Mode … Read more
Floxuridine is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used mainly in colorectal cancer by inhibiting DNA synthesis in tumor cells. Structure of Floxuridine FUDR is a fluorinated pyrimidine analog with the following structural features: Uracil Base: Similar to uracil. Fluorine Atom: Substituted at the 5-position. Ribose Sugar: Attached to the uracil base, forming a nucleoside. Chemical Formula: C₆H₆FN₂O₆ … Read more
Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive and anti-neoplastic agent used in autoimmune diseases and organ transplants by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Structure of Azathioprine Azathioprine is a prodrug of 6-mercaptopurine and contains the following structural features: Imidazole Ring: Attached to a purine analog. Mercaptopurine Moiety: Linked via a thioester bond. Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₃N₇O₃S Mode of Action Azathioprine acts … Read more
Fluorouracil is an anti-neoplastic antimetabolite used to treat cancers like colorectal and breast by blocking DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells. Structure of Fluorouracil It is a pyrimidine analog with the following structural features: Uracil Base: Similar to the natural nucleobase uracil. Fluorine Atom: Substituted at the 5-position. Chemical Formula: C₄H₃FN₂O₂ Mode of Action Fluorouracil … Read more
Thiotepa is an anti-neoplastic alkylating agent used to treat breast, ovarian, and bladder cancers by disrupting cancer cell DNA replication. Structure of Thiotepa Thiotepa is a trivalent phosphoramide alkylating agent containing three chloroethyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom. Chemical Formula: C₆H₁₃Cl₃N₄O₂P Mode of Action DNA Alkylation: Forms crosslinks within and between DNA strands, inhibiting … Read more
Definition of Terpenoids: Terpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a diverse class of naturally occurring organic compounds derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They undergo modifications like oxidation and rearrangement, resulting in varied structures and functions. Structure and Classification of Terpenoids: Based on isoprene units: Monoterpenoids: C₁₀ (2 units) Sesquiterpenoids: C₁₅ (3 units) Diterpenoids: C₂₀ (4 units) Triterpenoids: … Read more
