Glycopyrrolate reduces secretions, treats peptic ulcers, and aids in anesthesia premedication. Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic blocking muscarinic receptors with prolonged action. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₈NO₃ Mechanism of Action of Glycopyrrolate: M3 antagonist (peripheral) → decreases secretions & GI motility Does NOT cross BBB Therapeutic Uses of Glycopyrrolate: Pre-op reduction of saliva and respiratory secretions Peptic ulcer … Read more
Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₅NO₂·HCl Mechanism of Action: Blocks M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors Also has direct antispasmodic action on GI smooth muscle Therapeutic Uses: Irritable bowel syndrome Functional GI disorders Abdominal cramps Side Effects: Drowsiness Dizziness Dry mouth Blurred vision Constipation CNS stimulation in high doses SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship): Tertiary amine: Unlike quaternary analogs, it can … Read more
Clidinium Bromide eases abdominal cramps and IBS symptoms by reducing gastric acid and spasms. Clidinium Bromide is an anticholinergic that blocks muscarinic receptors for GI relief. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₆BrNO₃ Mechanism of Action of Clidinium Bromide: Antimuscarinic (M1 and M3) → reduces GI motility and secretions Does not cross BBB effectively Therapeutic Uses of Clidinium Bromide: … Read more
Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride is used in ophthalmology for pupil dilation and cycloplegia. Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride is an anticholinergic blocking muscarinic receptors in the eye. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₅NO₃·HCl Mechanism of Action of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride: Muscarinic receptor blocker (M3 predominant) Shorter duration than atropine, longer than tropicamide Therapeutic Uses of Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride: Cycloplegic refraction in children Mydriasis for diagnostic … Read more
Tropicamide is used in ophthalmology to dilate pupils for eye exams. Tropicamide acts as a short-acting anticholinergic mydriatic. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₀N₂O₂ Mechanism of Action of Tropicamide: Selective muscarinic antagonist (M4/M3 > M1) Causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) and cycloplegia (paralysis of accommodation) Therapeutic Uses of Tropicamide: Ophthalmic exams (short-acting) Fundus examination Side Effects: Transient stinging Blurred … Read more
Ipratropium Bromide is a short-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator with minimal systemic effects. Ipratropium Bromide treats asthma and COPD by relaxing airway muscles and easing breathing. Formula: C₂₀H₃₀BrNO₃ Mechanism: Blocks M3 receptors in bronchial smooth muscle → bronchodilation Minimal CNS effect (doesn’t cross BBB) Uses: COPD Asthma (adjunct) Side Effects: Dry mouth Cough Bitter taste Nasal dryness … Read more
Homatropine Hydrobromide acts as an anticholinergic with shorter action than atropine. Homatropine Hydrobromide relieves eye disorders by dilating pupils and reducing spasms. Formula: C₁₆H₂₁NO₃·HBr Mechanism of Homatropine Hydrobromide: Muscarinic antagonist, shorter acting than atropine Uses of Homatropine Hydrobromide: Mydriasis Cycloplegia (eye exams) Side Effects: Transient stinging Increased intraocular pressure Dry mouth, photophobia
Scopolamine Hydrobromide: Action – Blocks muscarinic receptors, reducing secretions, spasms, and vestibular stimulation. Scopolamine Hydrobromide: Uses – Anticholinergic drug for motion sickness, nausea, and pre-anesthetic medication. Formula: C₁₇H₂₁NO₄·HBr·3H₂O Mechanism of Scopolamine Hydrobromide: Muscarinic antagonist, stronger CNS penetration than atropine Uses of Scopolamine Hydrobromide: Motion sickness (transdermal) Postoperative nausea Sedation in palliative care Side Effects: Drowsiness … Read more
Hyoscyamine Sulfate: An anticholinergic drug used to treat GI disorders, spasms, and motion sickness effectively. Hyoscyamine Sulfate: Relieves cramps, reduces secretions, and improves smooth muscle control in therapeutic conditions. Formula: (C₁₇H₂₃NO₃)₂·H₂SO₄ Mechanism of Hyoscyamine Sulfate: Same as atropine but more potent due to stereoselectivity Uses of Hyoscyamine Sulfate: GI spasms Irritable bowel syndrome Urinary incontinence … Read more
Atropine Sulfate treats bradycardia, reduces secretions, and acts as an antidote in organophosphate poisoning. Atropine Sulfate blocks muscarinic receptors, producing anticholinergic effects for smooth muscle relaxation and eye dilation. Formula: (C₁₇H₂₃NO₃)₂·H₂SO₄ Mechanism of Atropine Sulfate: Competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist Affects M1–M5; especially heart (M2) and secretory tissues (M3) Uses: Bradycardia Pre-anesthetic (reduce secretions) Organophosphate poisoning … Read more
