Definition of Hematinics: Hematinics are agents that improve the hemoglobin content of the blood, thereby enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity. They are primarily used to treat anemia. Some Major Hematinic Agents: 1. Iron Preparations: Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate: Mechanism: Supply elemental iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Use: Iron deficiency anemia. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, dark stools. Iron Sucrose, … Read more
Definition of Anemia Anemia is a condition with decreased red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin (Hb), reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and causing fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea. Types of Anemia Based on RBC Size (MCV): Microcytic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia. Normocytic (MCV 80–100 fL): Acute blood loss, chronic disease, hemolysis. Macrocytic (MCV … Read more
Learn about Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock such as vasopressors, inotropes, and fluids for emergency care. Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock help restore blood pressure, perfusion, and organ function in critical conditions. Shock is a critical condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, leading to cellular dysfunction and potential organ … Read more
Understand the Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System to explore anti-hypertensives, diuretics, and cardiac drugs. Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on the Cardiovascular System covers agents that influence heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular tone. Shock Pathophysiology Initial Stage – Compensatory mechanisms (tachycardia, vasoconstriction) maintain perfusion. Progressive Stage – Oxygen delivery fails → Anaerobic … Read more
Dipyridamole is an anti-anginal and antiplatelet drug that improves coronary blood flow and prevents blood clots. Structure of Dipyridamole Dipyridamole is a bis(pyrrolidine) derivative linked by a central ethylene bridge with two methanol side groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₂N₄O₂ Mode of Action Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Inhibits the enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, … Read more
Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used as an anti-anginal drug that reduces heart workload and improves blood flow by relaxing blood vessels. Structure of Verapamil Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine derivative featuring a benzene ring connected to a dihydropyridine moiety through a methoxyethyl bridge. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₉N₃O₄ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type … Read more
Isosorbide Dinitrite is an anti-anginal drug that relieves chest pain by dilating blood vessels and lowering heart workload. Structure of Isosorbide Dinitrite It is an organic nitrate derived from isosorbide, featuring two nitrate groups esterified to the hydroxyl groups of the isosorbide moiety. Chemical Formula: C₆H₈N₂O₆ Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Release: Metabolizes to release … Read more
