Month: August 2025

Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)

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Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics)

This article explains about the Anti-anxiety agents (anxiolytics) reduce anxiety and tension by calming the central nervous system. Definition of Anti-Anxiety Agents: Drugs that relieve anxiety symptoms without causing excessive sedation. Classification of Anti-Anxiety Agents (Anxiolytics): Benzodiazepines Examples: Diazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam Mechanism: Enhance GABA-A receptor activity → increased Cl⁻ influx → hyperpolarization Non-benzodiazepine Anxiolytics Buspirone: … Read more

Antidepressants

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Antidepressants

Antidepressants are drugs that treat depression by balancing neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Definition of Antidepressants: Drugs that elevate mood in depression, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD. Used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, and some types of chronic pain. Classification of Antidepressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Inhibit reuptake of … Read more

Antipsychotics

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Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by balancing dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Definition of Antipsychotics: Antipsychotics are drugs used primarily to manage psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and delusional disorders. They are also known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers. Classification of Antipsychotics: Typical (First-generation Examples: Chlorpromazine, … Read more

Thiothixene

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Thiothixene

Thiothixene blocks dopamine receptors, reducing psychotic symptoms with tranquilizing effect. It is an antipsychotic used to manage schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Chemical Formula: C₂₃H₂₉N₃OS₂ Mechanism of Thiothixene: Potent D2 antagonist Low activity at M1/H1 → less sedation, more EPS Uses of Thiothixene: Schizophrenia Side Effects: High EPS risk Akathisia Dystonia Less anticholinergic activity SAR … Read more

Chlorprothixene

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Chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene is a typical antipsychotic blocking dopamine receptor to reduce psychotic symptoms. Its schizophrenia, anxiety, and agitation with calming effects. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₁₈ClNS Mechanism of Chlorprothixene: D2 receptor antagonist (typical antipsychotic) Also blocks H1, M1, α1 receptors Uses of Chlorprothixene: Schizophrenia Severe agitation Mania (adjunct) Side Effects: Sedation Anticholinergic effects Moderate EPS Notes: Similar to … Read more

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

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Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Disulfiram (Antabuse) is a drug used in alcohol dependence that causes unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed. Disulfiram (Antabuse) Mechanism of Action: Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). This causes accumulation of acetaldehyde after alcohol consumption, leading to an aversive reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, hypotension, palpitations, anxiety Disulfiram–Ethanol Reaction: Flushing, throbbing headache Nausea, … Read more

Alcohol (Ethanol)

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Alcohol (Ethanol)

Alcohol (Ethanol) is a CNS depressant that affects mood, behavior, and coordination, commonly used socially but linked to dependence and toxicity. Pharmacological Actions: Ethanol is a CNS depressant. It acts by enhancing GABA-A receptor activity (inhibitory neurotransmission) and inhibiting NMDA-type glutamate receptors (excitatory neurotransmission). It produces dose-dependent CNS depression, from disinhibition to sedation, anesthesia, and … Read more

Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride

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Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride

Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride is a typical antipsychotic, reducing psychotic symptoms through dopamine antagonism. It treats schizophrenia, anxiety, and severe nausea by blocking dopamine receptors. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₄F₃N₃S·HCl Mechanism of Action: Potent D2 antagonist, especially in mesolimbic tract Minimal effect on muscarinic/H1 receptors Therapeutic Uses of Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride: Schizophrenia Acute anxiety (short-term use) Side Effects of Trifluoperazine … Read more

Prochlorperazine Maleate

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Prochlorperazine Maleate

Prochlorperazine Maleate is a dopamine antagonist, blocking D2 receptors in the brain to control symptoms. Prochlorperazine Maleate treats nausea, vomiting, and psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₄ClN₃S·C₄H₄O₄ Mechanism of Action: Strong D2 receptor blockade Acts on chemoreceptor trigger (CTZ) Therapeutic Uses of Prochlorperazine Maleate: Nausea and vomiting Vertigo Schizophrenia Migraine-associated nausea Side Effects of … Read more

Piperacetazine Hydrochloride

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Piperacetazine Hydrochloride

Piperacetazine Hydrochloride is a typical antipsychotic that blocks dopamine receptors, reducing symptoms. Piperacetazine Hydrochloride is used to treat anxiety, agitation, and psychotic disorders. Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₄ClN₃OS·HCl Mechanism of Piperacetazine Hydrochloride: Strong D2 antagonist Uses of Piperacetazine Hydrochloride: Psychosis Schizophrenia Side Effects: High EPS risk Moderate sedation Anticholinergic effects (less than others)

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