Teratogens are substances that cause birth defects (congenital anomalies) during fetal development. Many natural, plant-derived compounds have been found to exhibit teratogenic effects. Teratogens identification helps prevent congenital disorders and ensures safe drug use during pregnancy. The following section details common teratogenic agents, their sources, and the effects they cause. Common Teratogenic Plant Compounds: Teratogenic … Read more
Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognition. Many of these compounds are derived from plants. Below is a detailed overview of common hallucinogenic plants, including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that alter perception, mood, and cognition. Many hallucinogens are of plant origin. Common Hallucinogenic Plants: Plant … Read more
Resins & its Identification Tests confirm natural origin using solubility, color reactions, and chemical analysis. Resins & its Identification Tests ensure purity, authenticity, and quality for safe pharmaceutical applications. Definition Resins are solid or semi-solid substances derived from plant exudates, insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Examples Benzoin resin Colophony (Pine resin) Asafoetida … Read more
Growth Conditions in plant tissue culture involve light, temperature, humidity, and sterile environment control. Growth Conditions in plant tissue culture ensure optimal cell division, differentiation, and healthy plantlet development. Sterile Environment All culture media, instruments, and vessels must be sterilized (commonly by autoclaving at 121°C, 15 psi, 15–20 min). Explants surface-sterilized (e.g., with sodium hypochlorite … Read more
Nutritional Requirements for Plant Tissue Culture ensure growth with essential minerals, vitamins & carbon source. Nutritional Requirements for Plant Tissue Culture need auxins & cytokinins for cell division, differentiation & morphogenesis. Plant tissue culture media must contain essential nutrients for cell growth, differentiation, and organogenesis. Macronutrients (Major Nutrients, Required in Large Quantities) Nitrogen (N) – … Read more
Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by delaying carbohydrate digestion and glucose absorption. Structure of Acarbose It is a pseudotetrasaccharide composed of glucose units linked by alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds, modified with a valienamine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₃₄N₂O₁₄ Mode of Action Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition: Blocks enzymes responsible for breaking down … Read more
Nateglinide is a meglitinide antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating rapid insulin release from the pancreas, making it particularly effective in controlling post-meal glucose levels. With its fast onset and short duration of action, Nateglinide helps improve glycemic control while reducing the risk of … Read more
Repaglinide is a meglitinide antidiabetic drug commonly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating quick and short-acting insulin release from the pancreas, particularly effective in controlling postprandial (after-meal) glucose spikes. With its rapid onset and short duration of action, Repaglinide offers flexibility in dosing and is especially … Read more
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that enhances insulin sensitivity to help manage blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. Structure of Rosiglitazone It is a TZD with a similar core structure to pioglitazone but contains a different aromatic substituent, enhancing its potency. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₂₅N₃O₃S Mode of Action PPAR-γ Agonism: Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral … Read more
Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic drug that improves insulin sensitivity and controls blood sugar in type 2 diabetes. Structure of Pioglitazone Pioglitazone is a TZD with a thiazolidinedione ring substituted with a pyridine moiety, enhancing its binding affinity to PPAR-γ. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₂S Mode of Action PPAR-γ Agonism: Enhances insulin sensitivity by modulating gene expression … Read more
