Metformin is a biguanide antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by reducing hepatic glucose production and improving insulin sensitivity. Structure of Metformin Metformin is a biguanide derivative with two guanidine groups attached to a dimethylamine backbone. Chemical Formula: C₄H₁₁N₅ Mode of Action AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Activation: Enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Intestinal … Read more
Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug widely used in type 2 diabetes treatment. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion and is considered more effective and safer than earlier sulfonylureas, offering better glycemic control with a lower risk of side effects. Structure of Glimepiride Glimepiride is a third-generation sulfonylurea with a triazole … Read more
Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug used in type 2 diabetes management. It lowers blood sugar by enhancing insulin release from the pancreas and offers greater potency with fewer side effects compared to first-generation agents. Structure of Glipizide Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea with a substituted imidazolidine ring, offering improved potency and shorter half-life. … Read more
Introduction to Chlorpropamide: Chlorpropamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It helps lower blood sugar by stimulating pancreatic insulin secretion, thereby enhancing the body’s natural ability to regulate glucose levels. As one of the earliest oral hypoglycemic agents, it plays an important role in improving glycemic … Read more
Tolbutamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea antidiabetic drug that lowers blood sugar by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas. Structure of Tolbutamide Tolbutamide is a first-generation sulfonylurea with a benzene ring substituted with a sulfonylurea moiety and butyl side chains. Chemical Formula: C₁₆H₂₅N₃O₃S Mode of Action ATP-Sensitive K⁺ Channel Blockade: Inhibits K⁺ channels on pancreatic beta … Read more
Volatile Oils & its Identification Tests ensure quality, authenticity, and therapeutic value in pharmaceutical applications. Volatile Oils & its Identification Tests confirm purity by evaluating aroma, solubility, optical rotation, and chemical reactions. Definition: Volatile oils (essential oils) are aromatic, volatile compounds obtained from plants. Examples: Menthol (Peppermint) Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus) Clove oil (Clove) Properties: Aromatic, … Read more
Tannins & Its Identification Tests ensure quality, purity, and therapeutic value of herbal formulations Tannins & Its Identification Tests confirm presence through color reactions, precipitation, and chemical assays. Definition Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that have astringent properties and the ability to bind proteins. Examples Gallic acid (found in Tea, Oak bark) Catechin (found in Green … Read more
Flavonoids & its Identification Tests confirm presence, purity, and therapeutic value in natural drug sources. Flavonoids & its Identification Tests also involve color reactions, UV absorption, and chemical assays for detection. Definition Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant properties, widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Examples Quercetin (Onion, Apple) Kaempferol (Tea, Broccoli) Rutin … Read more
Glycosides & its Identification Tests involve detecting sugar-linked compounds with therapeutic significance. Glycosides & its Identification Tests include Keller–Killiani, Borntrager’s, and Legal’s test for confirmation. Definition Glycosides are compounds that consist of a sugar (glycone) and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) part, linked by a glycosidic bond. Examples Cardiac glycosides (e.g., Digoxin from Digitalis purpurea) … Read more
Alkaloids & Its Identification Tests involve detecting nitrogenous plant compounds with therapeutic significance. Alkaloids & Its Identification Tests also confirm purity, pharmacological activity, and standardization of herbal drugs. Definition Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing, basic organic compounds derived from amino acids. They have significant physiological effects on humans and animals. Examples Morphine (Opium poppy – Papaver somniferum) … Read more
