Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that regulates muscle mass, libido, and male reproductive functions. Structure of Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. It features a four-ring cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene structure with hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₈O₂ Mode of Action Androgen Receptor Activation: Testosterone binds to androgen … Read more
Sex hormones regulate reproduction, secondary sexual traits, and fertility in both males and females. Definition of Sex Hormones Sex hormones are steroid hormones that play pivotal roles in the development, maintenance, and regulation of reproductive systems and secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females. They influence various physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and behavior. … Read more
Metabolism of Steroid Drugs: Metabolism of steroid drugs involves their chemical breakdown and transformation in the body for activity or elimination. Primary Sites of Metabolism: Liver: Main organ responsible for steroid metabolism through enzymatic processes. Gut and Kidneys: Participate in conjugation and excretion. Key Metabolic Pathways: Hydroxylation: Addition of hydroxyl groups by Cytochrome P450 Increases … Read more
Stereochemistry of Steroid Drugs: Stereochemistry of steroid drugs studies the 3D arrangement of atoms that influences their biological activity and effects. Importance of Stereochemistry: 3D Orientation: The spatial arrangement of atoms affects receptor binding and biological activity. Chirality Centers: Steroids contain multiple chiral centers, leading to various isomers with distinct effects. Key Stereochemical Features: Alpha … Read more
Nomenclature of Steroid Drugs is essential for understanding the classification and identification of various steroid-based medications. The nomenclature of steroid drugs follows a systematic approach based on their chemical structure, functional groups, and modifications, ensuring clear communication in pharmaceutical science and clinical practice. Steroid Structure Basics: Core Structure: Steroids share a common tetracyclic structure composed … Read more
Sero-Taxonomical Classification: Identifies plant species using antigen–antibody reactions for precise taxonomic grouping. Sero-Taxonomical Classification: Combines serology with taxonomy to reveal evolutionary relationships among plants. This method uses serological (antibody-antigen) reactions to classify drugs. It is a modern approach used mainly in biotechnology, genetic research, and plant authentication. How It Works? Uses serological techniques (antigen-antibody reactions) … Read more
Definition: Chemo-Taxonomical Classification groups plants based on chemical constituents for systematic study. Importance: Chemo-Taxonomical Classification aids in identifying plant relationships and medicinal properties. This classification is based on the relationship between plant taxonomy and chemical constituents. It helps in understanding how plant species in the same family may produce similar types of chemical compounds. Examples: … Read more
Pharmacological Classification Overview – Categorizing drugs based on their therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action. Drugs are classified based on their therapeutic effects or mode of action on the body. This classification is important for doctors, pharmacists, and healthcare professionals. Categories and Examples: Category Examples Analgesics (Pain relievers) Morphine, Codeine Antipyretics (Reduce fever) Aspirin, Cinchona … Read more
Definition: Chemical Classification groups substances by molecular structure & properties. classification is based on the active chemical constituents present in the drug. It is widely used in pharmaceutical research. Categories and Examples: Category Examples Alkaloids Morphine (Opium), Quinine (Cinchona), Atropine (Belladonna) Glycosides Digoxin (Digitalis), Sennosides (Senna) Tannins Catechu, Tea Flavonoids Rutin (Citrus fruits), Quercetin (Onion, … Read more
Taxonomical Classification – Systematic arrangement of organisms into hierarchical ranks based on shared traits. Taxonomical Classification – Organizes biodiversity into kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. This classification follows botanical and zoological taxonomy, grouping drugs based on their family, genus, and species according to the classification system of Carl Linnaeus. Examples: Family: Solanaceae … Read more
