Definition: Alphabetical Classification arranges items in A–Z order for quick reference and systematic organization. Uses: Alphabetical Classification simplifies indexing, retrieval, and categorization in libraries, research, and data management. In this method, drugs are arranged in alphabetical order based on their common name, botanical name, or official name as listed in pharmacopoeias or reference books. Examples: … Read more
Morphological Classification: Groups crude drugs by plant parts like leaves, roots, seeds, and flowers This classification is based on the plant part used or the morphological characteristics of the drug. It helps in the identification of crude drugs. Categories and Examples: Category Examples Leaf drugs Senna, Tea, Digitalis Bark drugs Cinchona, Cinnamon Root drugs Rauwolfia, … Read more
The classification of drugs is a fundamental aspect of pharmacognosy and pharmacology, facilitating the systematic study, identification, and utilization of medicinal substances. Drugs can be classified based on various criteria, each highlighting different characteristics and applications. The primary classification methods include: Alphabetical Classification Morphological Classification Taxonomical Classification Chemical Classification Pharmacological Classification Chemo-Taxonomical Classification Sero-Taxonomical Classification … Read more
Unorganized drugs are derived from the non-structural components of plants or organisms. These substances are typically exudates, secretions, or other plant-derived materials that do not maintain the organized structure of the source. They are usually obtained through extraction processes involving solvents and may require further purification to isolate active constituents. Subcategories of Unorganized Drugs: 1. … Read more
Nesiritide is a recombinant BNP drug used in acute decompensated heart failure to promote vasodilation and reduce fluid overload. Structure of Nesiritide Nesiritide is a recombinant form of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), comprising a 32-amino acid polypeptide with disulfide bonds stabilizing its structure. Chemical Formula: C₁₈H₂₇N₅O₅S₆ Mode of Action Guanylate Cyclase Activation: Binds to natriuretic … Read more
Bosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension by relaxing blood vessels. Structure of Bosentan Bosentan is a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist with a central benzothiazole core linked to aromatic rings and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₀N₂O₂S₂ Mode of Action Endothelin Receptor Blocking: Antagonizes endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptors (ETA and ETB), preventing … Read more
Tezosentan is an endothelin receptor antagonist used in heart failure to improve blood flow and reduce vascular resistance. Structure of Tezosentan Tezosentan is a selective endothelin receptor antagonist with a quinazoline core linked to aromatic substituents and amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₂N₄O₆S₂ Mode of Action Selective Endothelin Receptor Blocking: Primarily antagonizes ETA receptors, reducing vasoconstriction … Read more
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside that treats CHF by improving heart pumping efficiency and controlling heartbeat. Structure of Digitoxin Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside similar to digoxin but with a longer half-life due to fewer hydroxyl groups on the steroid nucleus. Chemical Formula: C₄₉H₇₄O₁₉ Mode of Action Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase Inhibition: Similar to digoxin, inhibits the sodium-potassium … Read more
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used in CHF and atrial fibrillation to strengthen heart contractions and regulate rhythm. Structure of Digoxin Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside derived from the foxglove plant, featuring a steroid nucleus linked to a lactone ring and a sugar moiety. Chemical Formula: C₄₈H₇₂O₁₉ Mode of Action Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase Inhibition: Binds to the … Read more
Drugs used in congestive heart failure (CHF) aim to improve cardiac function, reduce symptoms, and enhance survival by targeting various physiological pathways involved in heart failure. Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure CHF results from the heart’s inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body’s needs. It involves complex mechanisms, including neurohormonal activation (e.g., renin-angiotensin-aldosterone … Read more
