Lidocaine Hydrochloride is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic for acute ventricular arrhythmias, blocking sodium entry in heart cells. Structure of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Lidocaine hydrochloride is an amide-type local anesthetic with a diethylaminoethyl side chain attached to a 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-imidazolidinone core. It exists as the hydrochloride salt to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₂₁N₃O · HCl Mode of Action … Read more
Phenytoin Sodium is a class Ib anti-arrhythmic used mainly for digitalis-induced arrhythmias by modulating sodium channels. Structure of Phenytoin Sodium It is a hydantoin derivative with a diphenylmethyl group attached to the hydantoin ring. It exists primarily in the sodium salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₂Na Mode of Action Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockade: … Read more
Disopyramide Phosphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used in ventricular arrhythmias by stabilizing cardiac electrical activity. Structure of Disopyramide Phosphate Disopyramide phosphate is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent with a quinuclidine core structure. It features a dibenzodioxepin ring system linked to a quinuclidine moiety and a diethylamino group. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₉N₃O₄S·H₃PO₄ Mode of Action Class … Read more
Procainamide Hydrochloride is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic that treats arrhythmias by blocking sodium channels and slowing impulses. Structure of Procainamide Hydrochloride Procainamide hydrochloride is a class IA antiarrhythmic agent structurally related to the local anesthetic procainamide. It contains an amide linkage with a diethylamino group and a phenyl ring. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₀N₄O₂S·HCl Mode of Action … Read more
Quinidine Sulphate is a class Ia anti-arrhythmic used to treat atrial and ventricular arrhythmias by slowing heart conduction. Structure of Quinidine Sulphate Quinidine sulphate is a stereoisomer of quinine, belonging to the class IA antiarrhythmic agents. It features a quinoline structure with a stereocenter that distinguishes it from quinine. Chemical Formula: C₂₄H₂₉NO₄S Mode of Action … Read more
Anti-arrhythmic drugs correct irregular heartbeats by altering cardiac impulses to restore normal rhythm and heart function. Anti-arrhythmic drugs are medications used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). These drugs work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm, thereby ensuring efficient blood circulation throughout the … Read more
Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm caused by irregular electrical activity, leading to a heartbeat that is too fast, too slow, or erratic. Definition of Arrhythmia: Arrhythmia is an irregular heart rhythm, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or erratically, impacting its blood-pumping efficiency. Types of Arrhythmias: Tachycardia: Fast heart rate (>100 … Read more
Types of Bioassay: Include quantal, graded, and endpoint assays to measure drug effects. Types of Bioassay: Used to determine potency, efficacy, and standardization of drugs. Bioassays can be broadly classified based on the nature of the biological system used and the type of response measured. Types of Bioassay Graded Response Bioassay Measures the intensity of … Read more
Drugs acting on the uterus play pivotal roles in various obstetric and gynecological settings, including labor induction, management of postpartum hemorrhage, prevention of preterm labor, and medical abortion. Drugs Acting on the Uterus: Include oxytocics (stimulate contraction) and tocolytics (inhibit contraction). 1. Uterine Stimulants (Oxytocics): Oxytocin: Source: Produced in the hypothalamus, secreted by the posterior … Read more
Principles and Applications of Bioassay: Involve comparing test samples with standards for potency. Principles and Applications of Bioassay: Used in drug development, toxicity testing, and quality control. Bioassay Bioassays are analytical methods that use living organisms, cells, or biological systems to measure the concentration or potency of a substance, such as a hormone or drug. … Read more
