Definition of Insulin: Insulin therapy is indispensable for type 1 diabetes and may be required in advanced type 2 diabetes. Physiology: Produced by β-cells of the pancreas; released in response to increased blood glucose. Lowers blood glucose by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. Types of Insulin: … Read more
Thyroid Hormones: Analogues and Their Inhibitors include levothyroxine, liothyronine, and antithyroid drugs. Thyroid Hormones: Analogues and Their Inhibitors regulate metabolism and treat thyroid disorders. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in metabolism, growth, and development. Pharmacological manipulation of these hormones is essential in treating various thyroid disorders. Thyroid Hormones: T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) Synthesis: … Read more
Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Analogues and Their Inhibitors include GnRH analogues and dopamine agonists. Anterior Pituitary Hormones: Analogues and Their Inhibitors regulate growth, reproduction, and metabolism. Physiology of the Anterior Pituitary The anterior pituitary secretes several key hormones regulated by hypothalamic-releasing and inhibiting factors. Hormones Produced: Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) … Read more
Basic Concepts in Endocrine Pharmacology: Involves receptor binding, feedback, and drug interactions. Basic Concepts in Endocrine Pharmacology is the Study of hormone action, synthesis, and regulation. Endocrine System Overview Definition: The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and stress … Read more
Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor used in hypertension and heart failure by relaxing blood vessels and reducing blood pressure. Structure of Enalapril Enalapril is a prodrug ACE inhibitor converted to enalaprilat in vivo, featuring a proline derivative linked to a diethyl ester. Chemical Formula: C₁₇H₂₅N₃O₅ Mode of Action Prodrug Activation: Converted to active enalaprilat in … Read more
Diazoxide is a vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies by relaxing arterioles and rapidly reducing blood pressure. Structure of Diazoxide Diazoxide is a benzothiadiazine derivative with an open ring structure, containing a sulfonamide group and a hydroxyl substituent. Chemical Formula: C₈H₇N₃O₃S Mode of Action Potassium Channel Opener: Activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Hyperpolarization: … Read more
Sodium Nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies by rapidly relaxing blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Sodium Nitroprusside It is a coordination complex containing a central iron atom bonded to five cyanide ligands and two nitrosyl groups. Chemical Formula: Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO] Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Release: It releases nitric oxide … Read more
Reserpine is an antihypertensive and antipsychotic agent that lowers blood pressure by depleting norepinephrine from nerve endings. Structure of Reserpine Reserpine is an indole alkaloid derived from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant, featuring a complex structure with an indole ring and multiple alkyl side chains. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₄N₂O Mode of Action Sympathetic Inhibition: Depletes catecholamines (norepinephrine, … Read more
Guanabenz Acetate is a centrally acting antihypertensive that lowers blood pressure by reducing sympathetic nerve activity. Structure of Guanabenz Acetate It is a guanidine derivative with an aromatic ring substituted with an ethylene bridge connecting to a guanidine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₀H₁₉N₃O₂S Mode of Action Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonism: Activates central alpha-2 receptors, reducing sympathetic outflow. … Read more
Guanethidine Monosulphate is an adrenergic neuron blocker used in hypertension by inhibiting norepinephrine release and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Guanethidine Monosulphate It is a guanidine derivative featuring a guanidine moiety linked to an aromatic ring via an ethylene bridge. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₁₉N₃O₆S Mode of Action Sympathetic Inhibition: Blocks norepinephrine release from postganglionic sympathetic neurons … Read more
