Clonidine Hydrochloride is a centrally acting antihypertensive that lowers blood pressure by decreasing sympathetic outflow from the brain. Structure of Clonidine Hydrochloride It is an imidazoline derivative with a chlorinated aromatic ring and an imidazoline core. Chemical Formula: C₉H₉ClN₂ · HCl Mode of Action Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonism: Activates central alpha-2 receptors in the brainstem. Sympathetic … Read more
Methyldopate Hydrochloride is a centrally acting antihypertensive used to lower blood pressure by reducing sympathetic nerve signals. Structure of Methyldopate Hydrochloride It is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist with a phenethylamine backbone substituted with a hydroxyl group and a chlorine atom. Chemical Formula: C₁₁H₁₆ClN₂O·HCl Mode of Action Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonism: Activates presynaptic alpha-2 receptors in … Read more
Quinapril Hydrochloride is an ACE inhibitor used to manage hypertension and heart failure by lowering blood pressure through vasodilation. Structure of Quinapril Hydrochloride It is a prodrug ACE inhibitor with a quinoline ring fused to a pyrrolidine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₂₈H₃₈N₃O₆S·HCl Mode of Action Prodrug Activation: Converted to quinaprilat, the active metabolite. ACE Inhibition: Blocks … Read more
Benazepril Hydrochloride is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension by relaxing blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Benazepril Hydrochloride It is a prodrug ACE inhibitor with a benzimidazole core and a carbamate moiety. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₃₄N₅O₆S·HCl Mode of Action Prodrug Activation: Metabolized to benazeprilat, the active form. ACE Inhibition: Prevents conversion of … Read more
Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Include NSAIDs, corticosteroids, DMARDs, and biologics for inflammation control. Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and slow disease progression. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting joints and sometimes extra-articular sites. Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs): Slow disease progression, reduce joint destruction and disability. Classification of Anti-Rheumatic Drug 1. Non-Steroidal … Read more
Antigout Drugs: Classified as uricosuric agents, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, and anti-inflammatory agents. Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by hyperuricemia and deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints. Antigout Drugs are aimed at reducing uric acid levels and managing acute attacks. Classes of Anti-Gout Drugs Drugs for acute gout: NSAIDs (e.g., Indomethacin, Naproxen) … Read more
Aspirin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for pain, fever, and inflammation. Aspirin: Also prevents blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation. MOA: Irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2, blocking prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 synthesis, reducing pain, inflammation, fever, and platelet aggregation. Pharmacological Actions: Anti-inflammatory Analgesic (pain relief) Antipyretic (fever reduction) Antiplatelet (prevents clotting) Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Rapid … Read more
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications widely used for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) inhibit COX enzymes to block prostaglandin synthesis. They are termed “non-steroidal” to distinguish them from corticosteroids, which are another major class of anti-inflammatory drugs. Therapeutic Effects: Analgesic Antipyretic Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Action NSAIDs … Read more
Substance P is an undecapeptide belonging to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. It functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. Substance P: Acts on NK1 receptors in CNS and peripheral tissues. Synthesis: Neurons: Primarily synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Release: Released from sensory nerve endings in response to pain and inflammation. Functions of Substance … Read more
Bradykinin is a nonapeptide that functions as a potent vasodilator and mediator of inflammation. It is part of the kallikrein-kinin system. Bradykinin Plays a key role in inflammation and blood pressure regulation. Synthesis: Prekallikrein Activation: Kallikrein converts high-molecular-weight kininogen to bradykinins. Regulation: Degraded by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which is why ACE inhibitors increase bradykinins levels. Functions … Read more
