Angiotensin refers to a family of peptides that play a critical role in regulating blood pressure, fluid balance, and electrolyte homeostasis. The most important member is Angiotensin II (Ang II). Synthesis and Activation: Renin Release: Produced by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure or low sodium levels. Angiotensinogen Conversion: Renin converts angiotensinogen (produced … Read more
Leukotrienes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Leukotrienes are primarily involved in immune and inflammatory responses. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Major Leukotrienes: LTB4 (Leukotriene B4): Functions: Acts as a potent chemotactic agent, attracting neutrophils to sites … Read more
Thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid via the COX pathway, specifically from PGH2. Thromboxanes play significant roles in hemostasis and vascular function. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Major Thromboxanes: TXA2 (Thromboxane A2): Functions: Promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction, essential for blood … Read more
Prostaglandins act as autacoids, having diverse roles in inflammation, vascular function, and other processes. These three groups are collectively called eicosanoids, derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase pathways. Prostaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Synthesis: Arachidonic Acid Release: Phospholipase … Read more
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid tryptophan. 5-HT (5-Hydroxytryptamine) (Serotonin) influences a wide range of physiological and behavioral processes. Synthesis: From the amino acid tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase and subsequent decarboxylation. Storage: High concentration in enterochromaffin cells in the gut, platelets, and in the CNS as a neurotransmitter. … Read more
Introduction to Hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of the Heart: Covers blood flow and cardiac electrical activity. Introduction to Hemodynamics and Electrophysiology of the Heart: Key to understanding cardiac output and rhythm regulation. Hemodynamics Definition Hemodynamics refers to the dynamics of blood flow, including how the heart pumps blood, how blood pressure is generated and regulated, and … Read more
Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure by relaxing blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Lisinopril It is a long-acting, non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative ACE inhibitor with a lysine moiety. Chemical Formula: C₁₉H₃₂N₂O₅ Mode of Action ACE Inhibition: Similar to other ACE inhibitors, lisinopril blocks the conversion of … Read more
Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic used in hypertension and edema by inhibiting sodium reabsorption and conserving potassium in the kidneys. Structure of Amiloride Amiloride is a non-steroidal potassium-sparing diuretic with a benzothiadiazine core fused to a pyridine ring, containing amine groups. Chemical Formula: C₄H₇N₄O₃S₂ Mode of Action ENaC Inhibition: Blocks epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in … Read more
Captopril is an ACE inhibitor used to treat hypertension and heart failure by blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme and lowering blood pressure. Structure of Captopril Captopril is the first synthetic ACE inhibitor, featuring a sulfhydryl (-SH) group attached to a proline moiety. Chemical Formula: C₉H₁₇NO₃S Mode of Action ACE Inhibition: Blocks the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), preventing the … Read more
Anti-Hypertensive Agents are drugs used to lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. Anti-hypertensive agents are drugs used to manage high blood pressure (hypertension). They work through various mechanisms to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications like heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure. Classification … Read more
