Ethacrynic Acid is a loop diuretic used to treat edema by increasing urine output without containing sulfa, making it suitable for sulfa-allergic patients. Structure of Ethacrynic Acid Ethacrynic acid is a non-sulfonamide loop diuretic with a vinyl group and a double bond, distinguishing it from other loop diuretics. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₅NO₄ Mode of Action Loop … Read more
Bumetanide is a potent loop diuretic used to treat edema in heart failure and renal disorders by promoting fluid and electrolyte excretion. Structure of Bumetanide Bumetanide is a loop diuretic similar to furosemide but with a more potent diuretic effect due to structural modifications. Chemical Formula: C₁₄H₂₄BrN₃O₅S Mode of Action Loop of Henle Inhibition: Blocks … Read more
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat edema and hypertension by promoting rapid excretion of sodium, chloride, and water from the kidneys. Structure of Furosemide Furosemide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the loop diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiazine structure with a furan ring and a sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₉ClN₂O₅S₂ Mode of … Read more
Cyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to manage hypertension and fluid retention by increasing renal excretion of sodium and water. Structure of Cyclothiazide Cyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic with a cyclohexane ring substitution, differing structurally from other thiazides. Chemical Formula: C₁₂H₁₅ClN₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted … Read more
Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and edema by promoting renal excretion of sodium and water. Structure of Hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide is a thiazide diuretic with a fluorine atom substitution, enhancing its potency and duration of action. Chemical Formula: C₈H₈ClF₅N₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in … Read more
Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to manage hypertension and edema by increasing sodium and water excretion. Structure of Hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic similar to chlorthiazide but with a hydrochloride salt form to enhance solubility. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂·HCl Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter in the distal convoluted tubule. … Read more
Chlorthiazide is a thiazide diuretic used to treat hypertension and edema by promoting sodium and water excretion through the kidneys. Structure of Chlorthiazide Chlorthiazide is a sulfonamide derivative belonging to the thiazide diuretic class, characterized by a benzothiadiazine structure with chlorine substituents. Chemical Formula: C₇H₇ClN₃O₄S₂ Mode of Action Thiazide Receptor Blocking: Inhibits the sodium-chloride symporter … Read more
Dichlorphenamide is a diuretic used to treat glaucoma and periodic paralysis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase and reducing fluid buildup. Structure of Dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide is a sulfonamide derivative with two chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring and a central sulfonamide group. Chemical Formula: C₆H₇Cl₂N₃O₃S₂ Mode of Action Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition: Blocks carbonic anhydrase activity, reducing … Read more
Definition of Anti-Platelet Drugs Anti-Platelet Drugs agents inhibit platelet aggregation and activation, thereby preventing thrombus formation. Classes of Anti-Platelet Agents Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid): Mechanism: Irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), reducing thromboxane A2 synthesis, which decreases platelet aggregation. Use: Prevention of AMI, stroke, and in peripheral arterial disease. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal ulcers, bleeding, Reye’s syndrome in children. … Read more
Definition of Fibrinolytics: Fibrinolytics, also known as thrombolytics, are agents that dissolve blood clots by activating the fibrinolytic system. Mechanism of Action Activation of Plasminogen: Fibrinolytics convert plasminogen to plasmin, an enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Cleavage of Fibrin: Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble degradation products, dissolving the clot. Common Fibrinolytic Agents Alteplase (tPA): … Read more
