Bepridil Hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker used in angina to reduce heart workload and improve coronary blood flow. Structure of Bepridil Hydrochloride It is a benzothiazepine derivative with a phenyl ring attached to a thiazepine ring containing multiple substituents. Chemical Formula: C₂₅H₃₈ClN₃OS Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type calcium channels in cardiac … Read more
Diltiazem Hydrochloride is a calcium channel blocker used in angina to relax blood vessels and lower heart rate, reducing oxygen demand. Structure of Diltiazem Hydrochloride It is a benzothiazepine derivative with an imidazole ring fused to a thiazepine ring, attached to methoxy and ethyl substituents. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₄S·HCl Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits … Read more
Nifedipine is a calcium channel blocker used in angina and hypertension by dilating blood vessels and reducing cardiac workload. Structure of Nifedipine Nifedipine is a dihydropyridine derivative featuring a phenyl ring attached to a dihydropyridine core with ethyl and methoxy substituents. Chemical Formula: C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₆ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Selectively inhibits L-type calcium channels … Read more
Definition of Hematinics: Hematinics are agents that improve the hemoglobin content of the blood, thereby enhancing oxygen-carrying capacity. They are primarily used to treat anemia. Some Major Hematinic Agents: 1. Iron Preparations: Ferrous Sulfate, Ferrous Gluconate: Mechanism: Supply elemental iron for hemoglobin synthesis. Use: Iron deficiency anemia. Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset, dark stools. Iron Sucrose, … Read more
Definition of Anemia Anemia is a condition with decreased red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin (Hb), reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and causing fatigue, weakness, and dyspnea. Types of Anemia Based on RBC Size (MCV): Microcytic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia. Normocytic (MCV 80–100 fL): Acute blood loss, chronic disease, hemolysis. Macrocytic (MCV … Read more
This article explains the Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock such as vasopressors, inotropes, and fluids for emergency care. Drugs Used in the Therapy of Shock help restore blood pressure, perfusion, and organ function in critical conditions. Shock is a critical condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, leading to cellular dysfunction and … Read more
Shock It is a life-threatening condition where inadequate tissue perfusion leads to cellular dysfunction, organ failure, and death if not promptly treated. Pathophysiology Initial Stage – Compensatory mechanisms (tachycardia, vasoconstriction) maintain perfusion. Progressive Stage – Oxygen delivery fails → Anaerobic metabolism → Lactic acidosis → Cell dysfunction. Irreversible Stage – Multi-organ failure → Death if … Read more
Dipyridamole is an anti-anginal and antiplatelet drug that improves coronary blood flow and prevents blood clots. Structure of Dipyridamole Dipyridamole is a bis(pyrrolidine) derivative linked by a central ethylene bridge with two methanol side groups. Chemical Formula: C₂₀H₂₂N₄O₂ Mode of Action Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Inhibits the enzyme responsible for breaking down cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, … Read more
Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker used as an anti-anginal drug that reduces heart workload and improves blood flow by relaxing blood vessels. Structure of Verapamil Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine derivative featuring a benzene ring connected to a dihydropyridine moiety through a methoxyethyl bridge. Chemical Formula: C₂₂H₂₉N₃O₄ Mode of Action Calcium Channel Blocking: Inhibits L-type … Read more
Isosorbide Dinitrite is an anti-anginal drug that relieves chest pain by dilating blood vessels and lowering heart workload. Structure of Isosorbide Dinitrite It is an organic nitrate derived from isosorbide, featuring two nitrate groups esterified to the hydroxyl groups of the isosorbide moiety. Chemical Formula: C₆H₈N₂O₆ Mode of Action Nitric Oxide Release: Metabolizes to release … Read more
